Cytokines in Allergic Conjunctivitis: Unraveling Their Pathophysiological Roles

Abstract

Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the common immune hypersensitivity disorders that affect the ocular system. The clinical manifestations of this condition exhibit variability contingent upon environmental factors, seasonal dynamics, and genetic predisposition. While our comprehension of the pathophysiological engagement of immune and nonimmune cells in the conjunctiva has progressed, the same cannot be asserted for the cytokines mediating this inflammatory cascade. In this review, we proffer a comprehensive description of interleukins 4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-13, IL-25, IL-31, and IL-33, as well as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), elucidating their pathophysiological roles in mediating the allergic immune responses on the ocular surface. Delving into the nuanced functions of these cytokines holds promise for the exploration of innovative therapeutic modalities aimed at managing allergic conjunctivitis.

Allergic Conjunctivitis: Review of Current Types, Treatments, and Trends

“…This phase also includes the maturation of Th2 lymphocytes and the production and release of Th2-mediated cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. IL-4 and IL-13 play an active role in the formation of giant papillae by stimulating conjunctival fibroblasts and overexpressing IgE [ 29 , 30 , 32 , 33 ]. IL-5 recruits and activates eosinophils which leads to continued inflammation, persistent symptoms, and an increased likelihood of long-term tissue damage, as seen in VKC [ 30 , 32 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”