Cytokines the Etiology of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the roles of cytokines in the etiopathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM). Design: Case-control study.

Construction of a Multi-Indicator Model for Abscess Prediction in Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis Using Inflammatory Indicators

“…GLM is an autoimmune disease and cytokines can be used to assess the degree of immune dysregulation in patients, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of GLM. [29][30][31][32][33] Koksal et al investigated the expression levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-17 in patients with GLM and showed that the levels of IL-8, IL-10 and IL-17 were significantly increased and the levels of IL-4 were decreased in patients with GLM. 33 IL-4 and IL-10 can be used to assess T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cell function, IL-8 levels can be used to assess neutrophil chemotaxis and IL-17 can be used to assess inflammation and T helper cell type 17 (Th17) cell function.…”

“…[29][30][31][32][33] Koksal et al investigated the expression levels of IL-4, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-17 in patients with GLM and showed that the levels of IL-8, IL-10 and IL-17 were significantly increased and the levels of IL-4 were decreased in patients with GLM. 33 IL-4 and IL-10 can be used to assess T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cell function, IL-8 levels can be used to assess neutrophil chemotaxis and IL-17 can be used to assess inflammation and T helper cell type 17 (Th17) cell function. Coskun et al further analysed the changes in cytokine profiles in patients with active and remission GLM, and their results showed that patients with active GLM may have elevated IL-8 and IL-17 and reduced IL-10, but none of these results were significant.…”

An Update on Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: It is Time to Tell the Untold

“…Recent studies conducted over the last 10 years have emphasized that other factors such as genetic factors, smoking, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. It remains unclear whether GLM is caused by a single factor or a combination of factors (5,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). Autoimmunity is considered the strongest theory in explaining the cause.…”

“…Autoimmunity is considered the strongest theory in explaining the cause. A "secretion hypothesis" stipulates those patients' secretions such as retained milk may stimulate both humoral and cell-mediated immunity (10,11). We should not forget that if many factors are held responsible for the etiology of a disease or if many hypotheses are put forward, we probably know very little regarding the etiology of that disease.…”

“…It is widely believed that hormonal changes, secretion, and inflammation occurring during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease, and this could explain why the condition is more prevalent between the ages of 20 and 40 when most pregnancies occur. However, several reports of male cases and a wide age range in women (11-83 years) make it difficult to attribute sole responsibility to pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding (3,5,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”