Cytologic and Histopathologic Evaluation of Extruded Canine Degenerate Disks

Royal, Angela B.; Chigerwe, Munashe; Coates, Joan R.; Wiedmeyer, Charles E.; Berent, Linda M.

doi:10.1111/j.1532-950x.2009.00570.x

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…These results are similar to the findings in two recent studies on the histopathological appearance of surgically removed IVD tissue where it was found that the histologic differences between the two dog types were minimal (Royal et al, 2009, Kranenburg et al, 2013. These results also correspond well with what was reported in another study of IVD degeneration in sagitally transected spines, where the histopathological appearances were largely similar in the two breed types (Bergknut et al, 2013a).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…no significant differences are seen between the two breed types in any of these individual parameters. The fact that only a few differences are seen between the two breed types in Thompson grade II and III is in accordance with a study by Royal et al on surgically removed degenerate disc material where it was found that the histologic differences between the two dog types was minimal (Royal et al, 2009). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…(Hansen, 1952) As mentioned above, Hansen (1952) described the histopathological changes taking place during IVD degeneration in the CD dogs as chondroid whereas the degenerative changes taking place in the IVDs of NCD dogs were described as fibroid. Although stating clear differences in the pathological processes he also described many similarities in the histopathological appearances of IVDs of the two different dog types, and he stated that in the later stages of degeneration, the histologic distinctions between the two dog types became unapparent, a statement which is also supported by Royal et al (2009). It is thus still questionable if there are significant histopathological differences between the IVDs of CD and NCD dogs during the process of degeneration.…”

Section: Histopathology In Chondrodystrophic and Non-chondrodystrophimentioning

confidence: 67%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Myth of Fibroid Degeneration in the Canine Intervertebral Disc: A Histopathological Comparison of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Chondrodystrophic and Nonchondrodystrophic Dogs

et al. 2017

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The myth of fibroid degeneration in the canine intervertebral disc -A histopathological comparison of disc degeneration in chondrodystrophic and nonchondrodystrophic dogs Myten om fibroid degeneration i hundens intervertebraldiskerEn histopatologisk jämförelse av diskdegeneration mellan chondrodystrofa och icke chondrodystrofa hundar Tove Hansen Supervisor: Niklas Bergknut, Department of Clinical Sciences Examiner: Ragnvi Hagman, Department of Clinical Sciences Degree Project in Veterinary Medicine SUMMARYIn the 1950's, the veterinary pathologist, Hans-Jörgen Hansen noticed several dissimilarities between so called chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dog breeds regarding intervertebral disc degeneration and related diseases. Chondrodystrophic breeds are characterized by disproportionally short extremities due to disturbances in the endochondral ossification whereas non-chondrodystrophic breeds have normal bodily constitutions. The two breed types often differ regarding age of onset of disease, spinal location and severity of clinical signs. He also noted different histopathological patterns during the course of degeneration, foremost in the centre of the intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus. Due to this, he named the degenerative processes chondroid metamorphosis and fibroid metamorphosis in chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic breeds respectively. In general, chondroid metamorphosis refers to the replacement of the original cell type (the notochordal cell) with chondrocyte-like cells, whereas the fibroid metamorphosis refers to replacement of these cells with fibrocyte-like cells. This distinction has since then been an accepted distinction between the two breed types. However, more recent studies indicate that the histopathological patterns are more similar in the two breed types than previously described, and that the chondroid metamorphosis might be the degenerative process taking place in both breed types.In this study the histopathological appearances of 42 intervertebral discs from 16 chondrodystrophic and 17 non-chondrodystrophic dogs in early stage intervertebral disc degeneration were examined. After midsagittal transection of the spines, the intervertebral discs were graded macroscopically between one and three on a five-grade scale (the Thompson grading scheme). Subsequently, each intervertebral disc was individually fixated in formalin and decalcified in EDTA. After decalcification, the intervertebral discs were embedded in paraffin, sliced with a microtome and stained with Hematoxilin and Eosin and Alcian Blue/Picrosirius Red. The histological samples were thereafter graded according to a histological grading scheme (the Boos grading scheme) after which the histological scores were compared between chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs.The results showed that there was a significant difference in total histological scores between chondrodystrophic and non-chondrodystrophic dogs in the two lowest macroscopical grades of degeneration. Chondrodystrophic dogs had a highe...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Histopathology In Chondrodystrophic and Non-chondrodystrophimentioning

confidence: 67%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Myth of Fibroid Degeneration in the Canine Intervertebral Disc: A Histopathological Comparison of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Chondrodystrophic and Nonchondrodystrophic Dogs

et al. 2017

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“…Also similar to dogs with thoracolumbar IVD extrusion, an inflammatory reaction was present in the cervical epidural space in 70% of affected dogs. This observation conflicts with another study in which only 27% of dogs had an inflammatory response .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Differences in Epidural Pathology between Cervical and Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusions in Dogs

Züger

Fadda

Oevermann

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundAlthough the basic pathophysiology is the same in both cervical and thoracolumbar intervertebral disk (IVD) extrusions, there are considerable clinical differences that have only been partially explained.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe epidural inflammatory response differs between cervical and thoracolumbar IVD extrusions.AnimalsFifty‐five dogs with cervical and 80 dogs with thoracolumbar IVD extrusions.MethodsClinical data and histopathologic variables were investigated. Associations between severity of epidural inflammation and clinical and pathologic variables, impact of chondrodystrophic phenotype, and localization (cervical versus thoracolumbar) were evaluated statistically.ResultsDogs with cervical IVD extrusion were significantly older (P < 0.001), had less severe and longer duration of neurologic signs (both P < 0.001), were more painful (P = 0.038), and had a better outcome (P = 0.005) than dogs with a thoracolumbar IVD extrusion. On histopathology, cervical epidural material had less severe calcification (P = 0.002) and inflammation (P < 0.001). No significant differences regarding chondrodystrophic phenotype were found.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThere was significantly less intensive inflammatory response in the cervical epidural space. This observation correlated positively with less nucleus pulposus calcification in cervical extrusions indicating biochemical, metabolic, and biomechanical differences between the 2 locations, which remain to be characterized in future studies.

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“…It is unknown how much extruded disc material must be removed from the spinal canal to achieve successful outcomes in clinical patients. The inflammatory nature of extruded disc material has been demonstrated suggesting complete removal of disc material is warranted [11][12][13][14][15] . It is also unknown how much impact a surgical approach to the incorrect side has in the clinical patient.…”

Section: Chapter III Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Computed Tomography and Myelography to a Reference Standard of Computed Tomographic Myelography for Evaluation of Dogs with Intervertebral Disc Disease

Newcomb¹,

Arble²,

Rochat³

et al. 2011

Veterinary Surgery

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Objective To compare the sensitivity of computed tomography (CT) and myelography to a reference standard of CT myelography for determining localization of Type I intervertebral disc extrusions in dogs. Study Design Prospective blinded comparative study. Animals Dogs with acute onset myelopathy because of suspected disc extrusions (n = 30). Methods Dogs had CT, myelography, and CT myelography to diagnose disc extrusions. Sensitivity of CT and myelography was compared to CT myelography for lateral, longitudinal, and combined localization. Confidence in the assessment of each imaging study was scored by 3 reviewers. Results Sensitivity of CT for lateral, longitudinal, and combined localization was 94%, 91%, and 81%, respectively, and was 64%, 74%, and 53%, respectively for myelography. Sensitivity of all 3 categories of localization was significantly different between modalities (P < .0001, P = .0031, P < .0001). Significant differences in the sensitivity of lateral and combined localization were found between confidence scores for myelography (P < .0001, P < .0001). Significant differences in the sensitivity of lateral, longitudinal, and combined localization were found between confidence scores for CT (P = .011, P = .013, P = .027). Poor sensitivity was obtained for both modalities except when imaging studies were assigned the highest confidence score. Conclusions CT is a more sensitive imaging technique than myelography for localizing disc extrusions when compared to a reference standard of CT myelography. Both modalities yielded high sensitivity with the highest confidence score and poor sensitivity for all other confidence scores.

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Cytologic and Histopathologic Evaluation of Extruded Canine Degenerate Disks

Abstract: The variability in cytologic findings and frequent presence of dysplastic spindloid cells suggest that cytology alone may not be a reliable tool to differentiate degenerate canine disk material from a mesenchymal neoplasm.

Cited by 20 publications

References 17 publications

The Myth of Fibroid Degeneration in the Canine Intervertebral Disc: A Histopathological Comparison of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Chondrodystrophic and Nonchondrodystrophic Dogs

The Myth of Fibroid Degeneration in the Canine Intervertebral Disc: A Histopathological Comparison of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in Chondrodystrophic and Nonchondrodystrophic Dogs

Differences in Epidural Pathology between Cervical and Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disk Extrusions in Dogs

Comparison of Computed Tomography and Myelography to a Reference Standard of Computed Tomographic Myelography for Evaluation of Dogs with Intervertebral Disc Disease

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