Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Medicines as Assessed in Vitro: A Review

Abstract

Since time immemorial, human beings have sought natural medications for treatment of various diseases. Weighty evidence demonstrates the use of chemical methodologies for sensitive evaluation of cytotoxic potentials of herbal agents. However, due to the ubiquitous use of cytotoxicity methods, there is a need for providing updated guidance for the design and development of in vitro assessment. The aim of this review is to provide practical guidance on common cell-based assays for suitable assessment of cytotoxicity potential of herbal medicines and discussing their advantages and disadvantages Relevant articles in authentic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar and SID, from 1950 to 2022 were collected according to selection criteria of in vitro cytotoxicity assays and protocols. In addition, the link between cytotoxicity assay selection and different factors such as the drug solvent, concentration and exposure duration were discussed.

3D Printed SiO2–Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds Loaded with Carvacrol Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering Application

“…MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, which is frequently used to measure the quantity of live cells in a system, was utilized to determine the cell viability. 69 At 3, 7, and 11 days, the MTT assay (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was used to gauge the effectiveness of the seeding and the viability of the cells. At each time point, the scaffolds were retrieved from the 24-well plates and 100 μL of the MTT solution was added on top of each scaffold along with 900 μL of media.…”

“…MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, which is frequently used to measure the quantity of live cells in a system, was utilized to determine the cell viability . At 3, 7, and 11 days, the MTT assay (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was used to gauge the effectiveness of the seeding and the viability of the cells.…”

Cell viability and cytotoxicity assays: Biochemical elements and cellular compartments

“…Thus, as like trypan blue the living cells can be visualized directly under a microscope, and the number of viable and/or dead cells are easily counted using an hemacytometer. 90 Additionally, the most two used variants of eosin are Eosin Y and Eosin B, this two compounds are generally used alone or combined with Haematoxylin or Methylene blue for histological studies such as identifying tissues and morphological changes. 91 Another dye like Negrosin which is a background stain is also used with Eosin dye to increase contrast of the lightly stained cells.…”

“…The dead cells are colored in dark pink, while viable cells will appear clearly in white color. Thus, as like trypan blue the living cells can be visualized directly under a microscope, and the number of viable and/or dead cells are easily counted using an hemacytometer 90 . Additionally, the most two used variants of eosin are Eosin Y and Eosin B, this two compounds are generally used alone or combined with Haematoxylin or Methylene blue for histological studies such as identifying tissues and morphological changes 91 .…”

<em>In Vitro </em>and <em>in vivo</em> Experimental Approaches for Antidiabetic Activity Assessment: A Methodological Review

“…Several antidiabetic medications have been developed to increase insulin sensitivity secretion and reduce the symptoms. However, prolonged usage of these medications may result in harmful and toxic effects [14]. For instance, using metformin as an oral diabetes medication to treat T2DM can result in various side effects.…”