Cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic effects of the MEIC reference chemicals on spontaneously contracting primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells

̈lden, M. Gu; Seibert, Hasso

doi:10.1016/0887-2333(96)00023-9

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The presence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the freshwater environment is regarded as a matter of concern by many scientists and water quality regulators (1)(2)(3)(4). Estrogenic responses in fish exposed to sewage effluent were first reported by Purdom et al (5), who found that caged fish exposed to effluent had very high plasma vitellogenin concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Activated Sludge Treatment Works

Johnson

Sumpter

2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

585

356

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The release of endocrine-disrupting chemicals into the aquatic environment has raised the awareness of the central role played by sewage treatment in lowland water quality. This review focuses on the activated sludge process, which is commonly used to treat sewage in large towns and cities and which successfully removes the bulk of the organic compounds that enter the works. However, not all compounds are completely broken down or converted to biomass. For example, the estrogenic alkylphenols and steroid estrogens found in effluent are the breakdown products of incomplete breakdown of their respective parent compounds. Batch microcosm studies have indicated that estrone, ethinylestradiol, and alkylphenols will not be completely eliminated in activated sludge over typical treatment times. Field data suggest that the activated sludge treatment process can consistently remove over 85% of estradiol, estriol, and ethinylestradiol. The removal performance for estrone appears to be less and is more variable. Because of its relatively high hydrophobicity, the accumulation of alkylphenol in sludge has been observed. Although it has not been examined, accumulation of ethinylestradiol in sludge is a possibility due to its recalcitrance and hydrophobicity. A comparison between the concentrations of some of the major endocrine-active chemicals in effluents and their biological potencies has been made, to direct attention to the chemicals of most concern. While water purification techniques such as UV or activated charcoal could significantly remove these microorganic contaminants, the high costs involved suggest that research into the potential for treatment optimization should receive more attention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Activated Sludge Treatment Works

Johnson

Sumpter

2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

585

356

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“…The results are listed in Table 3. Functional alterations were measured in several other studies, including contractility and creatinine kinase depletion in rat skeletal muscle (Gü lden and Seibert, 1996), ATP content in rat skeletal muscle (Aschmann et al, 1989), ATPase activity in human erythrocytes (Janik and Wolf, 1992), motility and velocity in bull sperm (Seibert et al, 1989) and growth in human embryonic cells (Zhao et al, 1995). Results are listed in Table 4.…”

Section: Toxic Potency Of Chlorophenols In Humans and Laboratory Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative toxic potency ranking of chlorophenols

Pepelko¹,

Gaylor²,

Mukerjee

2005

Toxicol Ind Health

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Chlorophenols are prevalent in all media of the environment. The most common environmental source of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and other chlorinated phenols are via the lumber industry as a wood preservative and as a pesticide in plant production. The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) contaminant candidate list (CCL) includes a majority of these compounds as unregulated contaminants. Except for pentachlorophenol, there is a lack of human or animal data base which can be used for human health risk assessment. The specific aim of this study is to develop a rationale to use in vivo nonmammalian, in vitro mammalian and nonmammalian, micro-organism toxicity data base, structural activity, mechanistic and toxicokinetic data bases for developing a relative toxic potency ranking scheme of chlorophenols. Although the toxic potency of chlorophenols was found to increase with the number of chlorines, the potency decreases if the chlorines are attached in the ortho position of the molecules. Based on the LOAELs and mammalian in vitro data, the relative potency of chlorophenols determined to be best estimated by the ratios of log Kow to the 0.55 power. The relationship of the toxic potency derived from such an approach is largely presumptive.

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