Cytotoxicity against A549 Human Lung Cancer Cell Line via the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Nuclear Condensation Effects of Nepeta paulsenii Briq., a Perennial Herb

Abstract

The genus Nepeta belongs to the largest Lamiaceae family, with 300 species, which are distributed throughout the various regions of Africa, Asia, India, and America. Along with other plant families distinguished by their medicinal and therapeutic values, the Nepeta genus of Lameaceae remains relatively valuable. Hence, the phytochemicals of N. paulsenii Briq. were extracted using different plant parts, i.e., leaves, stem, roots, flowers, and the whole plant by using various solvents (ethanol, water, and ethyl acetate), obtaining 15 fractions. Each extract of dried plant material was analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS to identify the chemical constituents. The cytotoxicity of each fraction was analyzed by MTT assay and mitochondrial membrane potential and nuclear condensation assays against lung cancer cells. Among the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts, the flowers showed the best results, with IC50 values of 51.57 μg/mL and 50.58 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, among the water extracts of the various plant segments, the stem showed the best results, with an IC50 value of 123.80 μg/mL. 5-flourouracil was used as the standard drug, providing an IC50 value of 83.62 μg/mL. The Hoechst 33342 stain results indicated apoptotic features, i.e., chromatin dissolution and broken down, fragmented, and crescent-shaped nuclei. The ethanolic extracts of the flowers showed more pronounced apoptotic effects on the cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that rhodamine 123 fluorescence signals suppressed mitochondrial potential due to the treatment with the extracts. Again, the apoptotic index of the ethanolic extract of the flowers remained the highest. Hence it can be concluded that the flower part of N. paulsenii Briq. was found to be the most active against the A459 human lung cancer cell line.

Ibrutinib Modulates Proliferation, Migration, Mitochondrial Homeostasis, and Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells

“…In addition, our data demonstrated that the cell death promoted by Ibrutinib was supported by a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which is associated with initial apoptotic events [27]. It is worth highlighting that alterations in BAX and BAK are associated with mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) that leads to apoptosis [28].…”

Therapeutic, and pharmacological prospects of nutmeg seed: A comprehensive review for novel drug potential insights

“…Moreover, migration from one’s native country to an adopted one undoubtedly amplifies the risk and incidence of an individual developing the same cancer as the rest of the population in the adopted country ( Al-Rawi et al, 2011 ). Thus, plants, herbs and seed extracts have gained tremendous attention in recent years because they are found to be potent in preventing or treating cancer with a good pharmacological safety profile ( Hanif et al, 2023 ; Al-Rawi et al, 2011 , Ibrahim et al, 2011 ). The extraction method also proved to have a promising improvement in yield activity ( Ab Rahman et al, 2011 ).…”

Pro-Apoptotic Activity and Cell Cycle Arrest of Caulerpa sertularioides against SKLU-1 Cancer Cell in 2D and 3D Cultures

“…As shown in Tables 2 and 3, the HPLC-MS profile of CSE allowed the tentative identification of phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonols, flavones, phlorotannins, phenolic diterpenes, and alkaloids. The identification of the phytochemical compounds was established based on the peak area and retention time [17,18]. The main chemical compound identified was caulerpin, which showed ionization in both negative mode (m/z = 397) and positive mode (m/z = 399) and presented the same retention time (17.7 min) in both polarities (Tables 2 and 3).…”