Cytotoxicity and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) Peel Extract in Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

Abstract

Abstrak: Obat anti inflamasi sering diresepkan dalam bidang kedokteran gigi. Umumnya obat-obat ini memiliki efek samping beragam, dari yang ringan hingga parah seperti perdarahan lambung. Oleh karena itu, bahan anti inflamasi yang alami dan lebih aman diperlukan sebagai alternatif. Solanum betaceum Cav., dikenal sebagai terong Belanda, merupakan buah eksotik yang dapat juga dipergunakan sebagai bahan obat. Limbah buah seperti kulit dan biji biasanya tidak dikonsumsi. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa limbah dari berbagai jenis buah mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang bermanfaat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sitotoksistas dan kemampuan anti-inflamasi dari ekstrak kulit terong Belanda terhadap makrofag lini RAW 264.7 yang diinduksi oleh lipopolisakarida (LPS). Sitotoksistas diuji untuk menentukan konsentrasi yang aman dengan menggunakan metode MTS. Aktivitas anti-inflamasi dinilai dengan membandingkan kadar PGE-2, TNF-α, dan IL-1β pada sel RAW 264.7 yang distimulasi LPS antara kelompok yang diberikan ekstrak dan yang tidak diberikan ekstrak menggunakan metode ELISA. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa ekstrak kulit terong Belanda dapat menekan produksi PGE-2, TNF-α, dan IL-1β pada sel RAW 264.7 yang diinduksi dengan LPS. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah ekstrak kulit Solanum betaceum Cav memiliki kemampuan antiinflamasi melalui penekanan produksi PGE-2, TNF-α, dan IL-1β pada sel RAW 264.7 yang diinduksi LPS.Kata kunci: ekstrak kulit Solanum betaceum Cav. (terong Belanda), sitotoksistas, antiinflamasi Abstract: Anti-inflammatory agents are commonly prescribed in dentistry. Most of them have side effects varying from mild to severe such as gastric bleeding. Therefore, a safer and natural anti-inflammatory agent is needed as an alternative. Solanum betaceum Cav., known as tamarillo, is one of exotic fruits used in traditional medicines. The fruit wastes such as peels and seeds, are usually unconsumed. However, many investigators have reported that wastes from numerous fruits had potent bioactive compounds. This study was aimed to assess the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities of tamarillo peel extract (TPE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The cytotoxicity of TPE was performed to determine the non-toxic concentration by using MTS method. The inflammatory markers measured in this study were PGE-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Their concentrations were measured by using ELISA based assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by comparing the reduction of the inflammatory mediators between the LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with TPE and the non-treated group. This study revealed that TPE could reduce the production of PGE-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, tamarillo peel extract possess an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the production of PGE-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.Keywords: Solanum betaceum Cav. (tamarillo) peel extract, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory

Neuroprotective Potential of Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea) Epicarp Extracts Obtained by Sustainable Extraction Process

“…Our results are in agreement with those recently published by Li and Li ( 61 ) who evaluated the inhibitory activity of tamarillo peel extracts against inflammatory markers (PGE-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α) on LPS-induced macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell line). The authors concluded that low concentrations of tamarillo skin extracts (12.5 and 25 μg/ml) exerted anti-inflammatory activity by reducing these markers, attributing this activity to the presence of high content of flavones, isoflavones, and flavonols.…”

“…Hence, certain flavonoids act by decreasing the level of the arachidonic acid pathway, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and NO, recognized mediators in inflammation through the inhibition of enzymes involved in the process, such as phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ), cycloxygenase (COX), LOX, and NO synthase (45,51). As a consequence, the better potential of LOX inhibitory capacity was achieved for the T13, T23, and T33 extracts characterized by the higher content of flavonoids with recognized anti-enzymatic effect (47,61). In this sense, quercetin, a flavonol used in this study, is the standard generally employed in anti-inflammatory assays.…”

Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability Study of Potential Neuroprotective Compounds Recovered From Plants and Agri-Food by-Products

“…In fact, LOX inhibitors have shown the capacity to reduce the production of some inflammatory cytokines in the cells of the central nervous system model ( 53 ). Some studies showed anti-inflammatory properties of Robinia pseudoacacia ( 56 ) and Cyphomandra betacea ( 57 ) in Raw 264.7 cell lines, whereas Kalanchoe species showed anti-inflammatory capacity in animal models also ( 58 ).…”

The Potential of Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) Peel as an Antioxidant by Radical Scavenging DPPH and Antiaging by Collagenase Inhibition

“…In addition to its fruit, S. betaceum peel also contains several phenolic compounds identified by LC-MS, including chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, gallic acid, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, rutin, and ferulic acid (Espin et al, 2016;Mutalib et al, 2016;Diep et al, 2020). Recently, S. betaceum Peel Extract (SBPE) has been extensively studied for its antioxidant and antiinflammatory potential (Li & Li, 2021;Syarafina, A., & Sudiono, J., 2023;Silitonga et al, 2024;), but there has been no research on its potential as an anti-aging agent. This study evaluates the potential of SBPE as an antioxidant agent through DPPH scavenging activity and anti-aging through the inhibition of collagenase enzyme activity.…”