Cytotoxicity and anti-Sporothrix brasiliensis activity of the Origanum majorana Linn. oil

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of the essential oil of Origanum majorana Linn. (marjoram), its chemical analysis, and its cytotoxic activity. A total of 18 fungal isolates of Sporothrix brasiliensis (n: 17) from humans, dogs and cats, and a standard strain of Sporothrix schenckii (n: 1) were tested using the broth microdilution technique (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute – CLSI M27-A3) and the results were expressed in minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC). The MIC50 and MIC90 of itraconazole against S. brasiliensis were 2 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL, respectively, and the MFC50 and MFC90 were 2 μg/mL and >16 μg/mL, respectively, with three S. brasiliensis isolates resistant to antifungal. S. schenckii was sensitive at MIC of 1 μg/mL and MFC of 8 μg/mL. For the oil of O. majorana L., all isolates were susceptible to MIC of ≤2.25–9 mg/mL and MFC of ≤2.25–18 mg/mL. The MIC50 and MIC90 were ≤2.25 mg/mL and 4.5 mg/mL, respectively, and the MFC50/90 values were twice more than the MIC. Twenty-two compounds were identified by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (CG-FID) and 1,8-cineole and 4-terpineol were the majority. Through the colorimetric (MTT) assay, the toxicity was observed in 70–80% of VERO cells between 0.078 and 5 mg/mL. For the first time, the study demonstrated the satisfactory in vitro anti-Sporothrix sp. activity of marjoram oil and further studies are needed to ensure its safe and effective use.

Essential Oils of Lamiaceae Family Plants as Antifungals

“…endo-Fenchol (31.1%), τ-Cadinol (12.2%), Fenchone (12.2%), Camphor (6.2%), Linalool (5.7%), Methyl(E)-cinnamate (5.1%), α-Bergamotene (3.1%), γ-Cadinene (2.9%), endo-Fenchyl acetate (2.8%), Limonene (2.5%) [Ocimum gratissimum L. Eugenol (7.42-57.82%), Ethyl cinnamate (0.0-34.0%), Linalool (30.0-32.95%), 1,8-Cineole (6.5-21.91%), α-Bisabolene (0.0-17.19%), Camphor (3.8-11.97%), Thymol (0.0-9.8%), α-Cadinol (5.18%), Germacrene D (0.79-4.76%), α-Terpineol (3.36%), γ-Terpinene (0.0-3.06%), β-Caryophyllene (1.68-3.03%), p-Cymene (0.0-2.11%) [78-80] Ocimum tenuiflorum L. = Ocimum sanctum L. Eugenol (0.0-61.3%), Methyl chavicol (0.0-44.63%), Linalool (0.26-21.84%), α-Caryophyllene (3.3-11.89%), Germacrene D (0.37-9.14%), Carvone (0.0-6.31%), Limonene (0.71-4.39%), β-Caryophyllene (1.4-3.3%), α-Cubebene (0.0-2.54%), Carvacrol (0.0-2.04%) Origanum compactum Benth. Carvacrol (43.26%), Thymol (21.64%), p-Cymene (13.95%), γ-Terpinene (11.28%) [Origanum majorana L. Terpinen-4-ol (6.66-33.84%), Sabinene hydrate (2.31-28.33%), 1,8-Cineole (0.0-20.9%), Carvacrol (0.0-20.8%), γ-Terpinene (7.59-19.5%), Thymol (0.0-12.18%), α-Terpinene (3.03-10.08%), β-Phellandrene (1.96-8.0%), p-Cymene (2.45-7.84%), Sabinene (3.2-6.7%), Limonene (0.0-5.3%), α-Terpineol (2.7-4.7%), Linalool (0.0-4.4%), Terpinolene (0.98-3.76%), Linalool acetate (1.82-3.2%), Geraniol (2.7%), β-Caryophyllene(1.7-2.38%), α-Pinene (0.0-2.0%)[62,68,[85][86][87]…”

Zerumbone From Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith: A Potential Prophylactic and Therapeutic Agent Against The Cariogenic Bacterium Streptococcus mutans

“…Beyond the determination of the optimum antibacterial concentration, it is also important guarantee the cytotoxicity safety of the bioactive substances against normal mammalian cells, if the ultimate goal is to use it as a main raw material to produce new drugs. Usually, finding the balance between effectiveness and safety of a biomolecule it is very hard mission [42,43].Our findings indicated that the zerumbone is not cytotoxic to normal mammalian cells, since the exposure of VERO cells to different concentrations of zerumbone cause no considerable toxic effects. Even after 48 hours of zerumbone treatment, no substantial toxic effect was observed, other than a low cytotoxicity evidenced at 100µg/mL concentration (reduction of 15% of cell proliferation).…”

COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA E ATIVIDADE IN VITRO DA PRÓPOLIS BRASILEIRA VERDE E JATAÍ SOBRE ISOLADOS CLÍNICOS DE Sporothrix brasiliensis

“…Sawaya et al (2004) (CAPISTRANO et al, 2013;SALOMÃO et al, 2008) e Trichophyton spp. (NGATU et al, 2012;SIQUEIRA et al, 2009 RODRIGUES et al, 2014b;WALLER et al, 2016aWALLER et al, , 2016b, o que torna necessária a busca por novas moléculas antifúngicas ativas.…”

“…A esporotricose é uma doença infecciosa causada por fungos do complexo Sporothrix schenckii (MARIMON et al, 2007), sendo a espécie Sporothrix brasiliensis de ocorrência frequente nos surtos da doença em felinos no Brasil (MONTENEGRO et al, 2014;SANCHOTENE et al, 2015;WALLER et al, 2016aWALLER et al, , 2016b. Essa micose acomete o homem e os animais domésticos através da inoculação traumática acidental com material vegetal contaminado (ARAÚJO et al, 2015) ou pela mordedura/arranhadura de animais doentes, principalmente por felinos domésticos, constituindo uma transmissão zoonótica de importância em saúde pública (MADRID et al, 2012;SILVA et al, 2012;XAVIER et al, 2004).…”

“…O tratamento consiste no uso de medicamentos antifúngicos, sendo o itraconazol considerado o fármaco de eleição (MADRID et al, 2012;ROSSI et al, 2013). Entretanto, o surgimento de isolados fúngicos com capacidade de resistência aos fármacos tem sido relatado (STOPIGLIA et al, 2014;WALLER et al, 2016aWALLER et al, , 2016b), alertando para a necessidade da busca por novas moléculas antifúngicas.…”