Cytotoxicity and Efficacy in Debris and Smear Layer Removal of HOCl-Based Irrigating Solution: An In Vitro Study

Bilvinaite, Goda; Zongolaviciute, Ruta; Drukteinis, Saulius; Bukelskienė, Virginija; Cotti, Elisabetta

doi:10.3390/jfb13030095

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Both acidic and neutral‐pH EOW exerted weaker mitogenic effects on human pulp cells than did NaOCl and H 2 O 2 , 67 while moderately‐acidic EOW exerted apoptic changes in human gingival fibroblasts in a time dependent manner and at concentrations above 200 mg/L 141 . ACCs less than 400 ppm displayed negligible dissolution of bovine pulp tissue 147,148 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Twenty‐four reports investigated either the detrimental effects (20) or the regenerative potential (4) of EOW on oral hard and soft tissues (Table 3, Table S1). Most (16) were in vitro studies assessing potential endodontic applications 80,99,129–142 . Others examined dentine microhardness (human 134,136,137,143 ; bovine 144 ), dentine surface roughness (human 137 ), dentine structure (bovine 145 ), pulp/apical papilla cytotoxicity (human 67,146 ) and pulp dissolution capability (bovine 86,147,148 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most (16) were in vitro studies assessing potential endodontic applications. 80,99,[129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142] Others examined dentine microhardness (human 134,136,137,143 ; bovine 144 ), dentine surface roughness (human 137 ), dentine structure (bovine 145 ), pulp/apical papilla cytotoxicity (human 67,146 ) and pulp dissolution capability (bovine 86,147,148 ).…”

Section: Effects Of Eow On Oral Hard and Soft Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inflammatory response of periapical tissues to various endodontic disinfection regimens, including EOW, was investigated in vivo in dogs. 149 Exposure of human 9,50,64,79,80,84,111,119,141,146 and animal 84,133,146 cell lines, assessed the potential for soft tissue damage by EOW. In vivo toxicity assays were conducted with zebra-fish embryos 81,82 and as a mouthrinse in mice.…”

Section: Effects Of Eow On Oral Hard and Soft Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased contact times and/or concentration decreased dentine microhardness, increased dentine surface roughness and increased the toxicity towards human cell lines for all EOWs, but especially for acidic EOW. 80,136,137,143,146 Smear layer removal with various EOWs was similar or better than with other test irrigants [NaOCl, EDTA, H 2 O 2 , BioPure MTAD (mixture of 3% tetracycline, 4.25% citric acid and 0.5% Tween 80 det ergent)], 99,[129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139]141,142 although acidic EOW reportedly caused erosion, obliterated dentinal tubular margins and widened tubular orifices. 136,137 Increasing the contact time with acidic EOW reduced the microhardness of coronal and radicular dentine.…”

Section: Effects Of Eow On Dentine Smear Layer Removal (Cleaning Effi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrolysed oxidising water as a multi‐purpose biocide in dental healthcare—A scoping review

Krishnan,

Tompkins,

Lyons

et al. 2023

Gerodontology

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ObjectivesThe objective of this scoping review was to map evidence of electrolysed oxidising water (EOW) as a biocide for dental applications of relevance to older people and identify research gaps.BackgroundEOW is an emerging, “green,” and cost‐effective biocide. There are no reviews on the landscape of EOW research as either an antiseptic or disinfectant in dental healthcare or its suitability for the oral healthcare of older people.Materials and MethodsThe review follows the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines. Database searches (Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Scopus and Science Direct) were undertaken using MESH terms and Boolean operators with no date restrictions, to identify full‐text, original reports published in English‐language peer‐reviewed journals.ResultsThe search yielded 114 papers that met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Dental applications of EOW include its use as an endodontic irrigant (39%); mouth rinse/surgical irrigant (21%); disinfectant for dental unit water lines (19%) and dental biomaterials (17%); and for antimicrobial efficacy, effects on oral tissues and on dental material properties. Most studies (83%) evaluated a single EOW formulation (acidic, moderately acidic or neutral) that was either generated at ‘point‐of‐use’ (POU; 72%), bottled (‘ready‐to‐use’, RTU; 24%) or from unspecified (3%) sources. Six reports evaluated storage‐related parameters and 25 evaluated clinical applications; 89 were in vitro studies and one investigated the cost‐effectiveness of POU EOW.ConclusionsNeutral‐pH, EOW is effective as an antimicrobial agent without deleterious effects on oral tissues. However, research on the impact of storage conditions, anti‐Candida biofilm efficacy and mechanism of action against yeasts, long‐term effects on denture materials and cost‐effectiveness is required to establish the suitability of EOW as a multipurpose biocide for dental healthcare, including infection‐control requirements relating to older people.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Eow On Oral Hard and Soft Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Eow On Oral Hard and Soft Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Eow On Dentine Smear Layer Removal (Cleaning Effi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Electrolysed oxidising water as a multi‐purpose biocide in dental healthcare—A scoping review

Krishnan,

Tompkins,

Lyons

et al. 2023

Gerodontology

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The HOCl dry fog–is it safe for human cells?

Lewandowski,

Stępińska,

Osuchowski

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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This study aims to investigate if high-concentration HOCl fogging disinfection causes cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to cultured primary human skin fibroblasts. The cells were exposed to a dry fog of HOCl produced from solutions with a concentration of 300 ppm (5.72 mM) or 500 ppm (9.53 mM). After four times when fibroblasts were exposed to aerosolized HOCl at a concentration of 500 ppm for 9 minutes, significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects were observed. Significant changes in the morphology of fibroblasts and cell death due to membrane disruption were observed, independent of the number of exposures. Flow cytometry analyses performed under these experimental conditions indicated a decrease in the number of cells with an intact cell membrane in the exposed samples compared to the sham samples, dropping to 49.1% of the total cells. Additionally, under the same conditions, the neutral comet assay results demonstrated significant DNA damage in the exposed cells. However, no analogous damages were found when the cells were exposed to aerosolized HOCl generated from a 300-ppm solution for 3 minutes, whether once or four times. Therefore, we have concluded that aerosolized HOCl in dry fog, with a concentration exceeding 300 ppm, can cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on human skin fibroblasts.

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Dual effectiveness of a novel all-in-one endodontic irrigating solution in antibiofilm activity and smear layer removal

Sheng,

Yu,

Liu

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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The continuous destruction of dental hard tissues increases the risk of bacterial invasion, which leads to pulp infections. Irrigation is critical for successful root canal treatment in terms of infection control. However, no single irrigant covers all of the functions demanded, including antibiofilm and tissue-dissolving activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Triton, an all-in-one irrigant, on Enterococcus faecalis and multispecies oral biofilms in dentin canals, as well as its ability to remove the smear layer. Dentin blocks (192 specimens) were prepared from single-root human teeth and then assigned to 48 groups (24 groups for each biofilm type). Serial centrifugation was used for bacterial introduction into dentinal tubules. After 3 weeks, half of the specimens were created a uniform smear layer. The following treatments were applied: short time (separate): Triton, 6% NaOCl, 2% NaOCl, and water (all for 3 min); short time (combined): Triton (3 + 1 min), 6% NaOCl +17% EDTA (3 + 1 or 2 + 1 min), and 2% NaOCl +17% EDTA (3 + 1 min); and long time: Triton (3 + 3 min), 6% NaOCl (5 min), 6% NaOCl +17% EDTA (5 + 1 min), and water (3 + 3 min). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to examine the antimicrobial activity and smear layer removal, respectively. The results revealed that despite the absence or presence of the smear layer, Triton (3 + 3 min) showed the highest killing for both tested biofilms (61.53%–72.22%) among all groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the smear layer was removed by Triton after 3 + 3 min, exposing open dentin canals. These findings demonstrated that Triton can provide dual benefits of antibiofilm and smear layer removal capabilities simultaneously, indicating a simplified and effective strategy for application in root canal treatment.

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Cytotoxicity and Efficacy in Debris and Smear Layer Removal of HOCl-Based Irrigating Solution: An In Vitro Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Electrolysed oxidising water as a multi‐purpose biocide in dental healthcare—A scoping review

Electrolysed oxidising water as a multi‐purpose biocide in dental healthcare—A scoping review

The HOCl dry fog–is it safe for human cells?

Dual effectiveness of a novel all-in-one endodontic irrigating solution in antibiofilm activity and smear layer removal

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