Cytotoxicity and insulin resistance reversal ability of biofunctional phytosynthesized MgO nanoparticles

Abstract

The present study investigates the cytotoxicity of hexagonal MgO nanoparticles synthesized via Amaranthus tricolor leaf extract and spherical MgO nanoparticles synthesized via Amaranthus blitum and Andrographis paniculata leaf extracts. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis showed that the hexagonal MgO nanoparticles synthesized from A. tricolor extract demonstrated the least toxicity to both diabetic and non-diabetic cells at 600 μl/ml dosage. The viability of the diabetic cells (3T3-L1) after incubation with varying dosages of MgO nanoparticles was observed to be 55.3%. The viability of normal VERO cells was 86.6% and this stabilized to about 75% even after exposure to MgO nanoparticles dosage of up to 1000 μl/ml. Colorimetric glucose assay revealed that the A. tricolor extract synthesized MgO nanoparticles resulted in ~ 28% insulin resistance reversal. A reduction in the expression of GLUT4 protein at 54 KDa after MgO nanopaSrticles incubation with diabetic cells was observed via western blot analysis to confirm insulin reversal ability. Fluorescence microscopic analysis with propidium iodide and acridine orange dyes showed the release of reactive oxygen species as a possible mechanism of the cytotoxic effect of MgO nanoparticles. It was inferred that the synergistic effect of the phytochemicals and MgO nanoparticles played a significant role in delivering enhanced insulin resistance reversal capability in adipose cells.

Green approaches for the synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles using microbial and plant extracts

“…Besides, the stability and yield of biosynthesized nanoparticles are not comparable with the nanoparticles prepared via conventional approaches, as they have poor stability due to degradation of the biomolecules. 306 More metal precursor can be added to increase the yield. However, it will lead to agglomeration and an increase in the size of nanoparticles.…”

Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antifungal Applications

“…Different factors affect the synthesis of MgO NPs using plant extracts (Figure 1). For example, Jeevanandam and colleagues investigated that the shape and size of MgO NPs are affected by pH changes, such that their size decreases and the shape changes to hexagonal at pH = 3 [71]. In addition, temperature affects the preparation of MgO NPs; if the temperature is inappropriate, it can affect phytochemicals by stabilising and reducing NPs.…”

Magnesium Oxide (MgO) Nanoparticles: Synthetic Strategies and Biomedical Applications

“…In addition, Tan and his team [207] exhibited that magnesium oxide nanoparticles derived from A. tricolor extract possessed anti-diabetic properties, notably reducing glucose concentration to a mere 0.01 µg/mL. Similarly, Jeevanandam and colleagues [208] utilized A. tricolor extract in the synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles for treating diabetes. However, the cell viability percentage (32%) was decreased compared to magnesium oxide nanoparticles derived from A. blitum (33%) and A. paniculata (34%) extract under similar conditions.…”

“…Glucose concentration: 0.09 mg/mL (extracellular), 0.71 mg/mL (intracellular) (A. tricolor leaves' extract). [208] ■ Cell viability = 33% (A. blitum leaves' extract).…”