Cytotoxicity and Microbiological Properties of Copolymers Comprising Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylates with Bisphenol A Glycerolate Dimethacrylate and Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate

Abstract

Using dental composite restorative materials with a copolymeric matrix chemically modified towards bioactive properties can help fight secondary caries. In this study, copolymers of 40 wt.% bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate, 40 wt.% quaternary ammonium urethane-dimethacrylates (QAUDMA-m, where m represents 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms in the N-alkyl substituent), and 20 wt.% triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (BG:QAm:TEGs) were tested for (i) cytotoxicity on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line; (ii) fungal adhesion, fungal growth inhibition zone, and fungicidal activity against C. albicans; and (iii) bactericidal activity against S. aureus and E. coli. BG:QAm:TEGs had no cytotoxic effects on L929 mouse fibroblasts because the reduction of cell viability was less than 30% compared to the control. BG:QAm:TEGs also showed antifungal activity. The number of fungal colonies on their surfaces depended on the water contact angle (WCA). The higher the WCA, the greater the scale of fungal adhesion. The fungal growth inhibition zone depended on the concentration of QA groups (xQA). The lower the xQA, the lower the inhibition zone. In addition, 25 mg/mL BG:QAm:TEGs suspensions in culture media showed fungicidal and bactericidal effects. In conclusion, BG:QAm:TEGs can be recognized as antimicrobial biomaterials with negligible biological patient risk.

Adhesion and Surface Roughness of Apatite-Containing Carbomer and Improved Ionically Bioactive Resin Compared to Glass Ionomers

“…These monomers are released from restorative materials and can diffuse into the pulp, gingiva, salivary and the human circulatory system. Cytotoxic conditions such as embryotoxicity caused by resin composites have been reported [22]. They can also cause various adverse biological effects, such as persistent inflammations, sensitivity and allergic reactions in patients [23].…”

Chemical Modification of Dental Dimethacrylate Copolymer with Tetramethylxylylene Diisocyanate-Based Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylates—Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Antibacterial Properties

“…Copolymers of QAn+TMDI 40 wt.%, Bis-GMA 40 wt.%, and TEGDMA 20 wt.% also showed high antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli [40]. In addition, antifungal activity against C. albicans was observed for these copolymers [41]. Many of their physicochemical, mechanical, and biological parameters were good.…”

“…QAn+MDEA+ IPDIs with n of 12, 14, 16, and 18 were studied [35,36]; (vi) quaternary ammonium analogues of the urethane-dimethacrylate monomer with two QA groups (QAn+TMDI, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the N-alkyl substituent of the QA group). QAn+TMDI with n of 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 were studied [37][38][39][40][41][42].…”

“…By reducing the QAn+MDEA+IPDI content to 30 wt.% and using a formulation of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA 70 wt.%, an improvement in mechanical properties was achieved [36]. QAn+TMDIs and their copolymers were the most extensively studied [37][38][39][40][41][42]. Copolymers of QAn+TMDI 60 wt.% and TEGDMA 40 wt.% were characterized by very high antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.…”

“…Many of their physicochemical, mechanical, and biological parameters were good. However, the detailed analysis showed that an increase in the N-alkyl substituent length resulted in a decrease in the antibacterial activity, and the deterioration of mechanical properties [40][41][42]. This analysis led to the conclusion that copolymers based on QA10+TMDI and QA12+TMDI contain the optimum combination of properties [40].…”