Cytotoxicity Assessment of Surface-Modified Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

Magnesium-based nanoparticles have shown promise in regenerative therapies in orthopedics and the cardiovascular system. Here, we set out to assess the influence of differently functionalized Mg nanoparticles on the cellular players of wound healing, the first step in the process of tissue regeneration. First, we thoroughly addressed the physicochemical characteristics of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles, which exhibited low colloidal stability and strong aggregation in cell culture media. To address this matter, magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles underwent surface functionalization by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), resulting in excellent dispersible properties in ethanol and improved colloidal stability in physiological media. The latter was determined as a concentration- and time-dependent phenomenon. There were no significant effects on THP-1 macrophage viability up to 1.500 μg/mL APTES-coated magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles. Accordingly, increased media pH and Mg 2+ concentration, the nanoparticles dissociation products, had no adverse effects on their viability and morphology. HDF, ASCs, and PK84 exhibited the highest, and HUVECs, HPMECs, and THP-1 cells the lowest resistance toward nanoparticle toxic effects. In conclusion, the indicated high magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles biocompatibility suggests them a potential drug delivery vehicle for treating diseases like fibrosis or cancer. If delivered in a targeted manner, cytotoxic nanoparticles could be considered a potential localized and specific prevention strategy for treating highly prevalent diseases like fibrosis or cancer. Looking toward the possible clinical applications, accurate interpretation of in vitro cellular responses is the keystone for the relevant prediction of subsequent in vivo biological effects.

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“…The protein concentrations in the liver and kidney of the broiler chickens injected with the MgONPs solution did not differ significantly (p>0.05) when compared with the values in the control and the sham group. The findings are comparable to those of Echeverry-Rendón et al [32], who found that Liver and kidney malondialdehyde concentrations (nmol MDA/mg protein) of broiler birds on the various injectable materials revealed no statistically significant (p>0.05) changes (Table 6). Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a lipid peroxidation end product that is commonly utilized as a marker of tissue damage [26].…”

Oxide nanoparticles based in magnesium as a potential dental tool to inhibit bacterial activity and promote osteoblast viability

“…In this regard, the standard ISO 10993 for medical device biocompatibility testing mentions that a compound or material is considered toxic when biological activities decrease under 70% in the model tested; in the present study, we measured the mitochondrial activity with the resazurin assay 32) . Echeverry-Rendón et al 33) found similar effects on magnesium nanoparticles (Mg-NP) on endothelial cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and adipose tissue-derived stem cells; they concluded that the toxicity was not transmitted through the release of Mg 2+ ions, because toxic effects were only observed when a crust of NPs was formed in the culture plate. Moreover, a higher sensitivity to Mg-NPs was found in endothelial cells and macrophages compared to fibroblasts and stem cells from adipose tissue.…”

Application of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Cultural Heritage Conservation, Risk of Toxicity, and Preventive Measures

“…Studies report that it has low toxicity, although its high toxicity turns out to be unstable depending on the local pH conditions. There is a concentration-dependent risk of toxicity in values higher than 625 µg/mL, as observed in specific conditions, which could be dependent on its solubility [343]. The same study using colloidal nanoparticles indicates that the release of OH − or Mg 2+ ions can induce its toxicity.…”