Cytotoxicity, Intestinal Transport, and Bioavailability of Dispersible Iron and Zinc Supplements

Abstract

Iron or zinc deficiency is one of the most important nutritional disorders which causes health problem. However, food fortification with minerals often induces unacceptable organoleptic changes during preparation process and storage, has low bioavailability and solubility, and is expensive. Nanotechnology surface modification to obtain novel characteristics can be a useful tool to overcome these problems. In this study, the efficacy and potential toxicity of dispersible Fe or Zn supplement coated in dextrin and glycerides (SunActive FeTM and SunActive ZnTM) were evaluated in terms of cytotoxicity, intestinal transport, and bioavailability, as compared with each counterpart without coating, ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), respectively. The results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of FePP was not significantly affected by surface modification (SunActive FeTM), while SunActive ZnTM was more cytotoxic than ZnO-NPs. Cellular uptake and intestinal transport efficiency of SunActive FeTM were significantly higher than those of its counterpart material, which was in good agreement with enhanced oral absorption efficacy after a single-dose oral administration to rats. These results seem to be related to dissolution, particle dispersibility, and coating stability of materials depending on suspending media. Both SunActiveTM products and their counterpart materials were determined to be primarily transported by microfold (M) cells through the intestinal epithelium. It was, therefore, concluded that surface modification of food fortification will be a useful strategy to enhance oral absorption efficiency at safe levels.

ZnO Interactions with Biomatrices: Effect of Particle Size on ZnO-Protein Corona

“…M cells found in Peyer’s patches in the small intestine are implicated in the transport of various molecules, including macromolecules and particles [ 43 , 44 ]. Indeed, the intestinal transportation of diverse NPs by M cells has been recently reported [ 45 , 46 , 47 ], which concurs with our results. It should be noted that ZnO particles can be also transported through intestinal tight junction barriers, as demonstrated by our Caco-2 monolayer model.…”

Iron from nanostructured ferric phosphate: absorption and biodistribution in mice and bioavailability in iron deficient anemic women

“…Previous in vitro studies suggested that gastrointestinal uptake of iron NPs could occur through several mechanisms 13 , 26 , 27 . Our in vivo data suggest that absorption of FePO 4 -NPs is largely DMT1 dependent (Fig.…”

Uso de nano y micro formulaciones orales de pectina, funcionalizadas con hierro, en la conservación de bacterias lácticas

“…Los resultados del experimento en Artemia salina, arrojaron valores prácticamente nulos de mortalidad para las muestras de M y cM en todo el rango de concentraciones estudiado (Figura IIB3). Ésto es consistente con la información publicada para NP de pirofosfato férrico (FePP) que no presentaron citotoxicidad al ser evaluadas en células intestinales humanas INT-407 y Caco-2 (Kim et al, 2017).…”

“…Considerando que los beneficios del consumo de probióticos pueden ser obtenidos cuando se administran en concentraciones de al menos 7 log UFC de microorganismos viables por gramo de producto (Kim et al, 2017), los valores obtenidos tanto luego de la digestión como después de 60 días de almacenamiento garantizan la ingestión de las cantidades requeridas. Como la pectina forma parte de la fibra dietaria, la ingesta de las NP con pectina facilitaría su llegada al intestino ya que las pectinas no serían hidrolizadas en el tracto gastro-intestinal superior (Figura IIA12).…”

“…Con el objetivo de validar los ensayos anteriores y comprobar que la funcionalidad de los enterocitos en cultivo no se vio afectada por la presencia de las formulaciones fortificadas con hierro y digeridas ni por los inhibidores de las vías endocíticas se realizó un ensayo de viabilidad celular mediante la técnica de MTT (Figura IIB17). Se observó que la viabilidad celular fue cercana al 100% en todas las condiciones ensayadas (Figura IIB17 A y B), esto es un indicativo de que las NP de Fe3O4 tienen una baja citotoxicidad, lo cual coincide con la información existente para otras NP de hierro (Kim et al, 2017).…”