Cytotoxicity of Gallium–Indium Liquid Metal in an Aqueous Environment

Kim, Jihye; Kim, Sungjun; So, Ju‐Hee; Kim, Kyobum; Koo, Hyung‐Jun

doi:10.1021/acsami.8b02320

Cited by 204 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Extensive research efforts were devoted to the characterization and application of RTLM and led to the development of versatile applications, such as chemical reactions, catalysts, and in biomedical applications . Notably, RTLMs are anticipated to be ideal candidates for flexible electronics, for example, electrodes, conductors, energy devices and sensors, and thermal conductors, because RTLMs are endowed with intrinsic flowability, nearly infinite shape reconfiguration ability, high thermal and electric conductivity while possessing low electrical resistivity, low toxicity compared to mercury, and low vapor pressure . Furthermore, RTLMs feature tunable surface chemistry and interfacial tension, which can be exploited for recycling, lowering the impacts on environmental pollution and increasing economic viability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal‐Based Transient Circuits for Flexible and Recyclable Electronics

Long

Handschuh‐Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

255

213

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Transient electronics, arising electronic devices with dissolvable or degradable features on demand, is still at an early stage of development due to the limited choices of materials and strategies. Herein, a facile fabrication method for transient circuits by the combination of room-temperature liquid metals (RTLMs) as the electronic circuit and water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the packaging material is reported. The as-made transient circuits exhibit remarkable durability and stable electric performance upon bending and twisting, while possessing short transience times, owing to the excellent solubility of PVA substrates and the intrinsic flexibility of RTLM patterns. Moreover, the RTLM-based transient circuit shows an extremely high recycling efficiency, up to 96% of the employed RTLM can be recovered. As such, the economic and environmental viability of transient electronics increases substantially. To validate this concept, the surface patterning of RTLMs with complicated shapes is demonstrated, and a transient antenna is subsequently applied for passive near-field communication tag and a transient capacitive touch sensor. The application of the RTLM-based transient circuit for sequentially turning off an array of light-emitting-diode lamps is also demonstrated. The present RTLM-based PVA-encapsulated circuits substantially expand the scope of transient electronics toward flexible and recyclable transient systems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal‐Based Transient Circuits for Flexible and Recyclable Electronics

Long

Handschuh‐Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

255

213

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“…Skin-interfacing electrodes utilized in this work are based on EGaIn liquid metal. A study 54 on cytotoxicity tests of EGaIn liquid metal concluded that EGaIn is reasonably safe to use in an aqueous environment; however, it should be cautiously handled when any mechanical agitation is applied. Yet, further analysis should be performed to ensure full biocompatibility.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fully Untethered Battery-free Biomonitoring Electronic Tattoo with Wireless Energy Harvesting

Alberto

Leal

Fernandes

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Bioelectronics stickers that interface the human epidermis and collect electrophysiological data will constitute important tools in the future of healthcare. Rapid progress is enabled by novel fabrication methods for adhesive electronics patches that are soft, stretchable and conform to the human skin. Yet, the ultimate functionality of such systems still depends on rigid components such as silicon chips and the largest rigid component on these systems is usually the battery. In this work, we demonstrate a quickly deployable, untethered, battery-free, ultrathin (~5 μm) passive "electronic tattoo" that interfaces with the human skin for acquisition and transmission of physiological data. We show that the ultrathin film adapts well with the human skin, and allows an excellent signal to noise ratio, better than the gold-standard Ag/AgCl electrodes. To supply the required energy, we rely on a wireless power transfer (WPT) system, using a printed stretchable Ag-In-Ga coil, as well as printed biopotential acquisition electrodes. The tag is interfaced with data acquisition and communication electronics. This constitutes a "data-by-request" system. By approaching the scanning device to the applied tattoo, the patient's electrophysiological data is read and stored to the caregiver device. The WPT device can provide more than 300 mW of measured power if it is transferred over the skin or 100 mW if it is implanted under the skin. As a case study, we transferred this temporary tattoo to the human skin and interfaced it with an electrocardiogram (ECG) device, which could send the volunteer's heartbeat rate in real-time via Bluetooth. Surface biopotentials collected from the human epidermis contain important information about human physiology, such as muscular, heart and brain activities. This includes electromyography (EMG) 1 , Electrocardiography (ECG) 2 , and Electroencephalography (EEG) 3 , among others. The collected data has applications in health monitoring (EMG, ECG, EEG), control of prosthetics 4 or novel forms of wearable human-machine interfaces (EMG) 5,6. Wearable stickers that interface the human epidermis and acquire biopotentials for electrophysiological monitoring can be potentially transformative in digital health, since they would eventually allow a fully wireless and hassle-free data collection from the human body. Unlike traditional "wearable" technology that is composed of several rigid components, these stickers are required to be soft, flexible and stretchable. In this way, they are able to follow the dynamic morphology of the skin and remain attached to the skin during natural human movements. An ideal biomonitoring sticker is as well thin, imperceptible, comfortable and untethered. This can be also in the form of an electrical bandage or a "temporary tattoo" which bonds strongly to the human skin and acquires and transmits the information. During the last five years, some reports on fabrication and applications of ultrathin stretchable electronic films, also called epidermal electronics 7 or electronic...

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“…Mercury is excluded due to its toxicity. Gallium, in contrast, has low toxicity [3,4] and has a low melting point. These metals are also very low viscosity fluids (near that of water) and have essentially no vapor pressure (making them safe to use outside a chemical hood).…”

Section: Liquid Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal Direct Write and 3D Printing: A Review

Neumann

Dickey

2020

Adv Materials Technologies

226

170

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This review discusses methods, challenges, and opportunities for direct‐write and 3D printing of low melting point, gallium‐based liquid metal alloys at room temperature. Alloys of gallium exhibit high conductivity and high stretchability making them well suited for use in soft circuitry for stretchable electronics and soft robotics. In addition, the liquid nature of the metal enables entirely new ways to pattern metals at room temperature; herein, the focus is placed on additive printing via nozzle‐based methods. Room temperature printing of liquid metals enables rapid fabrication of complex geometries (with dimensions as small as 10 µm) on a wide range of materials, such as polymers. These processes can be used to make metallic conductors for devices with self‐healing capabilities, soft/stretchable electrodes, and sensors.

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Cytotoxicity of Gallium–Indium Liquid Metal in an Aqueous Environment

Cited by 204 publications

References 55 publications

Liquid Metal‐Based Transient Circuits for Flexible and Recyclable Electronics

Liquid Metal‐Based Transient Circuits for Flexible and Recyclable Electronics

Fully Untethered Battery-free Biomonitoring Electronic Tattoo with Wireless Energy Harvesting

Liquid Metal Direct Write and 3D Printing: A Review

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