“…Some advantages of in vitro studies using various cell lines are that they: (1) reveal effects of target cells in the absence of secondary effects caused by inflammation; (2) permit the identification of primary mechanisms of toxicity in the absence of the physiological and compensatory factors that confound the interpretation of whole animal studies; and (3) are efficient, rapid and cost-effective; and 4) can be used to improve design of subsequent expensive whole animal studies. For instance, we and others have used A549 (human bronchoalveolar carcinoma-derived cells), U87 (astrocytoma cells), U937 (human monoblastoid cells), mouse Leydig TM3 cells, human V79 and L929 fibroblasts, human SCCVII, B16F10 and FsaR tumor cells, and RAW264.7 (mouse peritoneal macrophage) cell lines to characterize oxidative stress-related signaling pathways [32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42]. A nontransformed human lung cell line (BEAS-2B) has been used to decipher expression of alteration of genes pertaining to oxidative stress and cell death pathways [43,44].…”