Fly ash -a valuable material for the circular economy introductionElectricity generation in Poland and in most countries around the world is still based on coal. This results in originating large amounts of energy waste. In order to emphasise its raw material potential, that kind of waste is often called coal combustion by-products (CCPs). It includes i.a.: fly ash, slags, ash and slag mixtures from furnace wet waste disposal, fly ash microspheres, or mixtures of fly ash and solid waste from waste gas calcium desulphurisation methods. The storage of these waste products is associated with their negative impact on the environment. This is why research has been undertaken worldwide on the implementation of the concept of a circular economy, where the final amount of waste would be minimal due to multiple use of coal combustion by-products. This is particularly important considering the fact that approx. 150 million tonnes of coal combustion by-products are produced annually in Europe alone, of which over 20 million tonnes are generated in Poland (Szczygielski 2019). The management of such a huge amount of material can bring benefits for both the natural environment and the economy. Although research on the utilisation and effective management of waste has been carried out in many institutions