The tone and regulation of the brain dopaminergic projections are, in part, determined by the presence or absence of dopamine (DA) autoreceptors: rate of DA synthesis and turnover, as well as both pattern and rate of neuronal firing, are modulated by the expression and activity of these autoreceptors. The expression of dopaminergic receptors in the midbrain DA cell groups, presumably reflecting DA autoreceptors, was determined in the brains of the rat, Old World monkey, and human. In the rat, both the sbstantia nigra (A9) and the ventral tegmental area (A1O) appear to express DA autoreceptors. In the monkey and human, however, only the projections arising from the substantia nia express these receptors; the limbic projections originating in the ventral tegmental area lack this substrate for DA autoregulation. These results indicate that in the human, the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems may be differentially autoregulated.The regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis and release is of central importance to the understanding of brain function. Dysregulation of these processes is likely involved in a number of neuropsychiatric conditions, and many psychotropic drugs exert their effects at this level of cellular physiology. One aspect of neurotransmitter regulation that has been appreciated is that a given transmitter can potentially regulate itself. This autoregulation is generally believed to be mediated via receptors for a given transmitter that are located on the cell synthesizing and releasing that transmitter. These so-called autoreceptors are presynaptically located and provide a "short-loop" level of regulatory feedback for a cell (1-7). This feedback tends to be inhibitory; thus the autoreceptor functions to maintain a set level of neurotransmitter synthesis, cell firing, or release (8)(9)(10)(11)(12).Some dopamine (DA)-synthesizing cells synthesize autoreceptors (13,14). The presence and functioning of DA autoreceptors are central to our understanding of certain aspects of the regulation of the brain DA systems. In those cells with functioning DA autoreceptors, DA appears to have a lower rate of synthesis and turnover, and these neurons manifest a lower rate and intensity ofcellular firing, compared with cells without autoreceptors. Autoreceptor-expressing cells appear to have higher levels of responsiveness to various dopaminergic compounds. Interestingly, cells that lack DA autoreceptors appear to be affected by chronic DA antagonists (i.e., antipsychotic medications) differently than autoreceptorexpressing cells: those cells that lack autoreceptors do not develop either tolerance or depolarization inactivation after chronic antagonist treatment (15-20). DA autoreceptors can then be considered as one cellular mechanism for the modulation of the tone of a given system. Although extensively studied in lower animals, most work has concentrated on the rat. It has been assumed, however, that the human also expresses DA autoreceptors in brain (21, 22).The two major ascending central...