D-Optimal Design and PARAFAC as Useful Tools for the Optimisation of Signals from Fluorescence Spectroscopy Prior to the Characterisation of Green Tea Samples

A microbial quantity monitoring model based on 3D fluorescence data of the cucumber storeroom gas and its use in providing auxiliary early spoilage warning

“…Through PARAFAC decomposition, the data cube X IJK is decomposed into A , B and C loading matrices, which are the excitation spectra, emission spectra and concentration scores of the components. 23 The decomposition process of the algorithm is based on the alternating least squares (ALS) method 24 and the PARAFAC model can be described using eqn (2).where x ijk is the fluorescence intensity of the k th sample at the i th excitation wavelength and the j th emission wavelength, a in represents the estimated excitation spectrum of the n th component, b jn represents the estimated emission spectrum of the n th component, c kn represents the concentration score of the n th component in the k th sample, 25 e ijk represents the residue that is not explained by the model, N is the number of components including the main substances of interest, the solution background (solid particles suspended in the gas and normal saline, etc .) and the interference of instrument noise.…”

“…Through PARAFAC decomposition, the data cube X IJK is decomposed into A, B and C loading matrices, which are the excitation spectra, emission spectra and concentration scores of the components. 23 The decomposition process of the algorithm is based on the alternating least squares (ALS) method 24 and the PARAFAC model can be described using eqn (2).…”

Investigating challenges with scattering and inner filter effects in front‐face fluorescence by PARAFAC

“…In particular, in the field of food science, it has been used to characterize foods that have undergone industrial processes and subjected to different storage conditions or for traceability of protected designation of origin products. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In the field of environmental chemistry, the use of PARAFAC for the analysis of untreated samples measured with fluorescence spectroscopy is largely and successfully applied for characterizing organic matter in water systems. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Such good results reported in the literature pave the way for the possibility of extending the use of this approach to reach a deeper understanding of the nature of any fluorophore directly in the sample: the use of frontface fluorescence, combined with three-way analysis of the data, seems an easier and faster choice, which could be applied as an alternative to long and tedious lab procedures in many fields of research.…”

“…The use of front‐face fluorescence spectroscopy, 1,2 in combination with three‐way chemometric analysis (like PARAllel FACtor analysis, PARAFAC 3,4 ), has been reported in the literature for the direct analysis of samples that have not been subjected to any pretreatment. In particular, in the field of food science, it has been used to characterize foods that have undergone industrial processes and subjected to different storage conditions or for traceability of protected designation of origin products 5–17 . In the field of environmental chemistry, the use of PARAFAC for the analysis of untreated samples measured with fluorescence spectroscopy is largely and successfully applied for characterizing organic matter in water systems 18–34 .…”