DIETARY, EVOLUTIONARY, ANDMODERNIZINGINFLUENCES ON THEPREVALENCE OFTYPE2 DIABETES

Abstract

An evolutionary perspective is used to elucidate the etiology of the current epidemic of type 2 diabetes estimated at 151 million people. Our primate legacy, fossil hominid, and hunting-gathering lifestyles selected for adaptive metabolically thrifty genotypes and phenotypes are rendered deleterious through modern lifestyles that increase energy input and reduce output. The processes of modernization or globalization include the availability and abundance of calorically dense/low-fiber/high-glycemic foods and the adoption of sedentary Western lifestyles, leading to obesity among both children and adults in developed and developing countries. These trends are projected to continue for a number of decades.

The Association of Duration of Residence in the United States with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among South Asian Immigrants

“…The authors speculated that the observed increase in CVD risk observed in South Asian countries could be attributed to the effects of increasing urbanization on CVD risk factors [5]. The nutritional consequences of migrating from a low-income country to the US are similar to the nutritional consequences of migrating from a rural lifestyle to an urban lifestyle and similar to the effects of ''modernization'' in developing countries [19][20][21]. These consequences include increases reported for various nutrition-related CVD risk factors, including increased intake of saturated fats (i.e., animal foods), refined carbohydrates, sodium and decreased intake of dietary fiber and potassium [5].…”

Computational Intelligence in Early Diabetes Diagnosis: A Review

“…It is understood that diabetes prevalence is increased because of modern lifestyles, urbanization, and economic development [1]. It is a global problem with devastating human, social, and economic impact, affecting around 300 million people worldwide [2].…”

The ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism determines individual susceptibility to the insulin-sensitising effect of lifestyle intervention

“…Following its rapidly increasing incidence worldwide over the past decades, type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions with major health consequences at an individual as well as a public health level [2]. Major environmental features of relevance to the development of type 2 diabetes are chronic overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle against a background of genetic predisposition [3]. Lifestyle intervention programmes offer the possibility to delay or even prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes [4].…”