“…Our findings suggest that drone strikes have a disruptive effect with a notable local increase in communications, a result consistent with other studies suggesting that drone strikes cause information cascades within networks, as well as increased displacement (Bertolotti et al, 2019). The nature of the data, however, divulges nothing about call content or how militants, religious leaders, or other influential figures may use them as rallying cries for increased violence (Hudson et al, 2012;Dafoe and Lyall, 2015;Shapiro and Weidmann, 2015). In-the-field data collection such as interviews or survey work will remain an important complement to contextualizing such big data work.…”