Studies in both rodents and humans have made much progress in shedding light on how fluctuations in ovarian hormones can affect memory in women across the lifespan. Specifically, advances in neuroscience have identified multiple memory systems that are each mediated by different brain areas. Two memory systems used to navigate an environment are 'place' and 'response' memory. They are defined as either using an allocentric strategy: using a spatial or cognitive map of the surroundings, or an egocentric strategy: using habitual-turns/ movements, respectively. Studies in neuroendocrinology have shown that estrogen levels can bias a female to use one memory system over another to solve a task, such that high estrogen levels are associated with using place memory and low levels with using response memory. Furthermore, recent advances in identifying and localizing estrogen receptors in the rodent brain are uncovering which brain regions are affected by estrogen and providing insight into how hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause might affect which memory system is facilitated or impaired in women at different life stages. These studies can help point the way to improving cognitive health in women.
Estrogen and cognitionModern Western society is not only marked by longer life expectancies, but young women are also waiting longer to have children and having fewer of them, therefore having more menstrual cycles in their lifetimes than ever before. Progesterone (P) and 17β-estradiol (E2; the most potent of the estrogens during reproductive years) vary across the menstrual cycle in a consistent and fluctuating manner.During the first half of the cycle, or follicular phase, E2 and P levels are low; E2 levels then start to increase steadily at the end of menstruation, reaching a peak in the middle of the menstrual cycle, right before ovulation occurs. This is followed by the luteal phase, when E2 levels plateau while P levels increase and peak until menstruation begins again (Figure 1). Thus, E2 and P work hand in hand across a woman's cycle to orchestrate menstruation, ovulation, and conception.However, these hormones appear to be exerting other effects on the female brain, which could be subject to subtle changes as hormone levels fluctuate over time. human menstrual cycle (top panel) and the ~4 day rat estrous cycle (bottom panel). Human menstrual cycle begins with a follicular (mentrual and preovulatory) phase, followed by ovulation, and ends with a luteal phase (spanning end of ovulation to pre-menstrual phase).