D2 Dopamine Receptor Up-Regulation, Treatment Response, Neurological Soft Signs, and Extrapyramidal Side Effects in Schizophrenia: A Follow-Up Study with 123I-Iodobenzamide Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in the Drug-Naive State and after Neuroleptic Treatment

Schröder, Johannes; Silvestri, S.; Bubeck, B.; Karr, Markus; Demisch, S.; Scherrer, Sabine; Geider, Franz J.; Sauer, Heinrich

doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00442-3

Cited by 77 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…No significant correlations between NSS scores and CPZ were found. Our results are in line with previous studies on NSS in schizophrenia, which found no association between NSS and antipsychotic medication [14,59]. …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Neurological Soft Signs and Brainstem Morphology in First-Episode Schizophrenia

Hirjak

Stieltjes²,

Hauser

et al. 2013

Neuropsychobiology

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Background: Minor motor and sensory deficits or neurological soft signs (NSS) have frequently been reported in patients with schizophrenia at any stage of their illness. NSS have been demonstrated to correlate with neuroanatomical abnormalities in various brain regions. Despite its important role in the integration and coordination of automatic motor actions, the brainstem has so far rather been ignored in previous neuroimaging studies on NSS in schizophrenia. Method: We investigated 21 right-handed first-episode schizophrenia patients using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. The severity of NSS was measured with the Heidelberg Scale. Associations between NSS and both brainstem volume and shape changes were examined. Results: Higher NSS scores were significantly associated with structural alterations in the brainstem. According to volume measurements higher NSS scores correlated with global changes of the brainstem. Using shape analyses these associations referred to regionally specific morphometric alterations predominantly in the midbrain and pons. Conclusion: The findings suggest that brainstem morphometric alterations are associated with the severity of NSS in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. They further indicate the involvement of the brainstem in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Neurological Soft Signs and Brainstem Morphology in First-Episode Schizophrenia

Hirjak

Stieltjes²,

Hauser

et al. 2013

Neuropsychobiology

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“…That NSS scores and their respective correlations with cortical thickness were not altered by potential neuroleptic side effects is underlined by the fact that extrapyramidal side effects did not arise. Moreover, even in patients with first-episode schizophrenia, NSS were not related to extrapyramidal side effects or to changes in the D 2 dopamine receptor systems [52]. There are several methods for the measurement of NSS in recent studies such as the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) [53], the Cambridge Neurological Inventory [54] and the Heidelberg Scale [3].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Cortical Thickness and Neurological Soft Signs in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls

Kong

Herold²,

Lässer³

et al. 2015

Neuropsychobiology

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Background: Neurological soft signs (NSS), i.e. subtle neurological abnormalities, have been frequently found in schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia have shown abnormal cortical thickness changes across the cortical mantle. However, few studies have examined relationships between NSS and cortical thickness abnormalities in schizophrenia. Method: A sample of 18 patients with chronic schizophrenia and 20 age-matched healthy controls were included. Cortical thickness was assessed on high-resolution 3-tesla magnetic resonance imaging by using FreeSurfer software and NSS were rated on the Heidelberg Scale. Results: Significant negative correlations between NSS and cortical thickness were found in the prefrontal, inferior temporal, superior parietal, postcentral, and supramarginal cortices in the schizophrenia patients. In the controls, however, this negative correlation was found in the anterior cingulate, pericalcarine and superior/middle temporal regions. Conclusion: Our results not only confirmed the association between NSS and cortical thickness in chronic schizophrenia but also indicated that patients and controls have different anatomical substrates of NSS.

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“…Another possible source of error comes from estimating the individual baseline binding potential from healthy controls, e.g. a hypothetical compensatory upregulation, due to either diagnosis or treatment (Huang et al 1997;Schröder et al 1998), would lead to an underestimation of occupancy. This is usually ignored because several SPECT/PET studies failed to detect significant baseline differences, in spite of altered dopaminergic transmission (Abi-Dargham et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupancy of dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin2A receptors in schizophrenic patients treated with flupentixol in comparison with risperidone and haloperidol

et al. 2006

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We were able to demonstrate a moderate 5-HT(2A) and D(1) occupancy under clinically relevant doses of flupentixol, albeit lower than expected from in vitro data and clearly below saturation. Therefore, if flupentixol's efficacy on negative symptoms is based on its interaction with 5-HT(2A) and/or D(1) receptors, it should be highly dependent on serum concentration and thus on dosage and metabolism. However, these data suggest that mechanisms other than D(1) or 5-HT(2A) antagonism may contribute to flupentixol's efficacy on negative symptoms.

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D2 Dopamine Receptor Up-Regulation, Treatment Response, Neurological Soft Signs, and Extrapyramidal Side Effects in Schizophrenia: A Follow-Up Study with 123I-Iodobenzamide Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography in the Drug-Naive State and after Neuroleptic Treatment

Cited by 77 publications

References 28 publications

Neurological Soft Signs and Brainstem Morphology in First-Episode Schizophrenia

Neurological Soft Signs and Brainstem Morphology in First-Episode Schizophrenia

Association of Cortical Thickness and Neurological Soft Signs in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls

Occupancy of dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin2A receptors in schizophrenic patients treated with flupentixol in comparison with risperidone and haloperidol

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