“…Furthermore, most of the conventional analytical methods need some tedious pretreatment steps, for example, preextraction, clean-up, and nitrogen drying for concentration before determination. Moreover, the classic extraction methods, such as LLE [22,23], SPE [24][25][26], can cause environmental pollution and harmful to manipulator owing to the consumption of a large amount of organic solvents (at the multiple milliliter level). To overcome these shortcoming, new sample preparation microextraction techniques, such as SPME [27,28], have gradually replaced SPE as an environmentally friendly pretreatment method because it possesses rapid, simple, sensitive characteristics, needs no or little organic extraction reagent, easy manipulation, linkup with detection instruments, and direct injection without elution while coupling with GC-MS for detection [29][30][31].…”