Dacryocystography of normal and pathological lacrimal passages.

Abstract

Dacryocystography is a method of visualizing the lacrimal passages by the use of radioopaque contrast media. Ewing (I909) suggested the use of bismuth subnitrate in liquid petroleum as the contrast medium. Von Szily (i92o) described the pathology of the lacrimal passages as seen by roentgenography. Lipoidol was used as the contrast medium by Bollack (1924) MaterialThe present study was carried out on two groups of individuals: L 37 control subjects These were out-patients with no complaint of epiphora. The lacrimal passages were found to be patent on syringing. IL I69 patients complaining of epiphora The condition of the lacrimal passages was assessed by syringing and the results were correlated with those obtained by dacryocystography. Technique 0o5 to I ml. concentrated dionosil solution (Saha, Bhardwaj, Malik, and Jain, I967) was injected into the lacrimal sac through the lower punctum with a 2 ml. syringe and cannula. Skiagrams were taken immediately after the injection in the following positions: (a) Postero-anterior view The patient lay prone in the nose-chin position with the orbit at an angle of 40o to the horizontal. The central ray was directed through the infraorbital margin of the injected side, about half an inch lateral to the midline. (b) Lateral view The patient's head was turned to the injected side; the central ray was directed as in the postero-anterior view.In each case a Potter-Bucky diaphragm was used. Observations (I) APPEARANCE OF NORMAL DACRYOCYSTOGRAMIn all the normal subjects the lower canaliculus, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct were outlined. The following observations were made: (a) Canaliculi The lower punctum and the lower canaliculi were visible in all cases.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal efferent lacrimal pathways

“…The axial dimensions of the fluid-filled fetal lacrimal sacs are relatively large compared with the adult, in which they rarely exceed 4 mm [34,35]. While no consistent increase with gestational age could be demonstrated, variation of the diameters of the lacrimal sac may be considered to depend on the amount of fluid-filling before Hasner's valve is established.…”

Ballooning canaliculoplasty after lacrimal trephination in monocanalicular and common canalicular obstruction

“…[14][15][16][17][18] However, few studies have explored its effectiveness in lacrimal canalicular obstruction, because balloon dilation of the canaliculus has been considered risky owing to the possibility of damage to the canaliculus. 19,20 There are, however, some reports that balloon catheter dilation of the common canaliculus is safe and effective. 21,22 We present a new and simple surgical procedure using balloon dilation of the canaliculus and common canaliculus.…”

Neuroradiology Back to the Future: Head and Neck Imaging

“…The first dacryocystogram using Lipiodol was reported in 1924. 21 Subsequently, other oil-based contrast agents were used for dacryocystography, including ethiodized oil (Ethiodol) and iophendylate (Pantopaque; Lafayette Pharmacal, Lafayette, Indiana). 21,22 Oil-based contrast agents continued to be used for decades for dacryocystography though there were some disadvantages.…”

“…21 Subsequently, other oil-based contrast agents were used for dacryocystography, including ethiodized oil (Ethiodol) and iophendylate (Pantopaque; Lafayette Pharmacal, Lafayette, Indiana). 21,22 Oil-based contrast agents continued to be used for decades for dacryocystography though there were some disadvantages. Specifically, the oil-based compounds were not completely miscible, with tears resulting in globules of contrast and failure to fill the entire nasolacrimal system.…”

“…Specifically, the oil-based compounds were not completely miscible, with tears resulting in globules of contrast and failure to fill the entire nasolacrimal system. [21][22][23] Extravasated contrast could remain in the soft tissues for years and incite granuloma formation. Because the oil-based agents were more viscous than tears, they at times needed to be heated before injecting.…”