Daily intakes of copper, zinc and arsenic in drinking water by population of Shanghai, China

Abstract

Daily intakes of metals in drinking water are of extreme importance in risk assessment to human health. Some papers focused on this topic, but most of them did not consider the effect of age, gender and work location on daily intakes of metals in drinking water. The objective of present paper is to estimate the levels of Cu, Zn and As ingestion in drinking water in Shanghai, China and the effect of age, gender and work location on daily intakes of these metals. It was also the first time that such a detailed investigation on daily intakes of metals in drinking water was carried out in China in recent years. Drink/Sample (D/S) method was used to estimate the daily intakes of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water. The mean concentrations of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water were 10.8 Ag/l, 0.29 mg/l and 0.91 Ag/l, which were lower than U.S. EPA's Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) and WHO guideline values. The average daily intakes of Cu, Zn and As in drinking water was 21.12 Ag/d, 0.65 mg/d, and 1.83 Ag/d, which were on average 0.01%, 1.1% and 1.5% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) set by the Joint FAO/ WHO Expert Committee. There was a significant difference in daily intake of Zn for different work locations ( P = 0.04). But no other significant differences in daily intakes of metals in drinking water were found according to age, gender and work location. D

Occurrence and Health-Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Raw and Boiled Drinking Water from Rural Areas of China

“…In addition, our results were in good agreement with previous studies on drinking water from urban regions of Beijing [3,31,32], and cities from Jiangsu province [33], suggesting that rural drinking water quality regarding trace metals was equal to those from the urban regions. A similar result was obtained from the survey of Gao et al [54], where no obvious difference was found for Cu, As, Hg and Cd concentrations in drinking water between the urban and suburban areas of Beijing.…”

“…Therefore, it is essential to constantly monitor water quality used for drinking purposes in China, but such work is not always sufficient. Furthermore, drinking water quality monitoring and the available studies on daily intakes of trace metals in drinking water are limited to big cities [31][32][33] or specific sites [34,35]. In rural areas or countryside regions, water quality information is scarce [3,8].…”

A health risk assessment for exposure to trace metals via drinking water ingestion pathway

“…Median and mean values for As, Cr, Cu, and Zn concentrations lie within the range of concentrations reported in the literature (O'Rourke et al, 1999;Thomas et al, 1999;Seifert et al, 2000;Divrikli and Elci, 2002;Sofuoglu et al, 2003;Tamasi and Cini, 2004;Gu¨lbahar and Elhatip, 2005;Xu et al, 2006). In the case of Mn, the mean concentration obtained in this study was about seven times smaller than the value reported by Thomas et al (1999).…”

“…The concentrations of trace metals reported in drinking waters usually lie well below standards as in the examples of EPA Region V (Thomas et al, 1999), Maryland, USA (Ryan et al, 2000), South Tuscany, Italy (Tamasi and Cini, 2004), and Shanghai, China (Xu et al, 2006). However, arsenic concentrations as high as 36.7 and 40 mg/l have been detected in Arizona, USA (O'Rourke et al, 1999) and Chilean (Caceres et al, 2005) tap waters, respectively.…”

Human Exposure Risk Assessment Due to Heavy Metals in Groundwater by Pollution Index and Multivariate Statistical Methods: A Case Study from South Africa

“…Metals enter into surface water and groundwater through weathering of rocks [1][2][3] or from human activities including mining, industrial wastes or airborne particulate matter [4,5]. Groundwater pollution due to heavy metals where it is used as a source of drinking water [6][7][8] and the possible risk to human health has been studied widely [9,10]. This is because certain heavy metals are required for normal functioning of the human body, but exposure to excess concentration of heavy metals may lead to health risks.…”