Daily iodine intake and the impact of salt reduction on iodine prophylaxis in the Italian population

Pastorelli, Augusto Alberto; Stacchini, Paolo; Olivieri, Antonella

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.206

Cited by 27 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…From one hand our results suggest that there are improvements to be made for a comprehensive take up of the policy nationally. On the other hand it confirms that both iodization and salt reduction policies are fully compatible, as agreed in a WHO Consensus Statement [31] and more recently confirmed in case studies in Italy [52] and China [53] where a moderate salt reduction in unlikely to compromise iodine status. Our data provides a useful baseline against which to monitor the impact of future initiatives.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Sodium, Potassium and Iodine Intake, in a National Adult Population Sample of the Republic of Moldova

et al. 2019

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In the Republic of Moldova, more than half of all deaths due to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD). Excess salt (sodium) and inadequate potassium intakes are associated with high CVD. Moreover, salt iodisation is the preferred policy to prevent iodine deficiency and associated disorders. However, there is no survey that has directly measured sodium, potassium and iodine consumption in adults in the Republic of Moldova. A national random sample of adults attended a screening including demographic, anthropometric and physical measurements. Sodium, potassium and iodine intakes were assessed by 24 h urinary sodium (UNa), potassium (UK) and iodine (UI) excretions. Knowledge, attidues and behaviours were collected by questionnaire. Eight-hundred and fifty-eight participants (326 men and 532 women, 18–69 years) were included in the analysis (response rate 66%). Mean age was 48.5 years (SD 13.8). Mean UNa was 172.7 (79.3) mmoL/day, equivalent to 10.8 g of salt/day and potassium excretion 72.7 (31.5) mmoL/day, equivalent to 3.26 g/day. Only 11.3% met the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended salt targets of 5 g/day and 39% met potassium targets (>90 mmoL/day). Whilst 81.7% declared limiting their consumption of processed food and over 70% not adding salt at the table, only 8.8% looked at sodium content of food, 31% still added salt when cooking and less than 1% took other measures to control salt consumption. Measures of awareness were significantly more common in urban compared to rural areas. Mean urinary iodine was 225 (SD: 152; median 196) mcg/24 h, with no difference between sexes. According to WHO criteria, 41.0% had adequate iodine intake. Iodine content of salt table was 21.0 (SD: 18.6) mg/kg, lower in rural than urban areas (16.7, SD = 18.6 vs. 28.1, SD = 16.5 mg/kg, p < 0.001). In most cases participants were not using iodised salt as their main source of salt, more so in rural areas. In the Republic of Moldova, salt consumption is unequivocally high, potassium consumption is lower than recommended, both in men and in women, whilst iodine intake is still inadequate in one in three people, although severe iodine deficiency is rare. Salt consumed is often not iodised.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Sodium, Potassium and Iodine Intake, in a National Adult Population Sample of the Republic of Moldova

et al. 2019

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“…Furthermore, regional differences in iodine concentration should not have influenced our results since a study reported no differences among the centers participating in the study (34). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Thyroid function in children and adolescents with Hashimoto's thyroiditis after l-thyroxine discontinuation

Radetti

Salerno

Guzzetti

et al. 2017

Endocrine Connections

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ObjectiveThyroid function may recover in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT).DesignTo investigate thyroid function and the need to resume l-thyroxine treatment after its discontinuation.SettingNine Italian pediatric endocrinology centers.Patients148 children and adolescents (25 m and 123 f) with HT on treatment with l-thyroxine for at least one year.Intervention and main outcome measureTreatment was discontinued in all patients, and serum TSH and fT4 concentrations were measured at the time of treatment discontinuation and then after 2, 6, 12 and 24 months. Therapy with l-thyroxine was re-instituted when TSH rose >10 U/L and/or fT4 was below the normal range. The patients were followed up when TSH concentrations were between 5 and 10 U/L and fT4 was in the normal range.ResultsAt baseline, TSH was in the normal range in 139 patients, and was between 5 and 10 U/L in 9 patients. Treatment was re-instituted after 2 months in 37 (25.5%) patients, after 6 months in 13 patients (6.99%), after 12 months in 12 patients (8.6%), and after 24 months in an additional 3 patients (3.1%). At 24 months, 34 patients (34.3%) still required no treatment. TSH concentration >10 U/L at the time of diagnosis was the only predictive factor for the deterioration of thyroid function after l-thyroxine discontinuation.ConclusionsThis study confirms that not all children with HT need life-long therapy with l-thyroxine, and the discontinuation of treatment in patients with a TSH level <10 U/L at the time of diagnosis should be considered.

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“…The average daily intake of iodine in the general population is less than that indicated by WHO, at the European level, where iodine deficiency affects mainly the child population [43], and all over the Italian territory (85–88 µg/day vs. 150 µg/day) [44]. …”

Section: Micronutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Diet and Nutrient Requirements in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. An Italian Consensus Document

Marangoni¹,

et al. 2016

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The importance of lifestyle and dietary habits during pregnancy and breastfeeding, for health of mothers and their offspring, is widely supported by the most recent scientific literature. The consumption of a varied and balanced diet from the preconceptional period is essential to ensure both maternal well-being and pregnancy outcomes. However, the risk of inadequate intakes of specific micronutrients in pregnancy and lactation is high even in the most industrialized countries. This particularly applies to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, iodine, calcium, folic acid, and vitamin D, also in the Italian population. Moreover, the risk of not reaching the adequate nutrient supply is increased for selected groups of women of childbearing age: those following exclusion diets, underweight or overweight/obese, smokers, adolescents, mothers who have had multiple or close pregnancies, and those with previous unfavorable pregnancy outcomes.

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Daily iodine intake and the impact of salt reduction on iodine prophylaxis in the Italian population

Abstract: Our study suggests that the recommended quantities of salt, if iodized at 30 mg/kg, are sufficient to achieve the adequate daily iodine intake both in adults and children.

Cited by 27 publications

References 22 publications

Sodium, Potassium and Iodine Intake, in a National Adult Population Sample of the Republic of Moldova

Sodium, Potassium and Iodine Intake, in a National Adult Population Sample of the Republic of Moldova

Thyroid function in children and adolescents with Hashimoto's thyroiditis after l-thyroxine discontinuation

Maternal Diet and Nutrient Requirements in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. An Italian Consensus Document

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