Daily light integral requirements of warm‐season turfgrasses for golf course fairways and investigating in situ evaluation methodology

Russell, Travis; Karcher, Douglas E.; Richardson, Michael D.

doi:10.1002/csc2.20234

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Although bermudagrasses are known to lack shade tolerance, 'Riley's Super Sport' bermudagrass is widely regarded as the most shade tolerant within the species (Baldwin et al 2008;Chhetri et al 2019), having been ranked ahead of commonly used interspecific hybrid varieties such as Tifway and Tift 94 (C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis) under 58% shade cover (Bunnell et al 2005;Dunne et al 2017). Japanese lawngrass, as a species, has shown good shade tolerance among warm-season turfgrasses (Baldwin et al 2009;Russell et al 2020;Wherley et al 2011). For example, 'El Toro' maintained >90% turf coverage over 2 years under 49% shade cover in a field trial in Arkansas (Trappe et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cool-season turfgrasses such as tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) have excellent shade tolerance, but also have greater water requirements and are susceptible to various abiotic and biotic stresses requiring frequent renovation in the transition zone climate. These traditional choices for residential lawns create a trade-off between higher inputs and shade tolerance (Russell et al 2020). Recent homeowner surveys revealed that their first preference is for turfgrasses that have low maintenance requirements, with highly ranked preferences for drought and shade tolerance (Ghimire et al 2016;Yue et al 2016).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Sedges and Nimblewill as Low-input, Shaded Lawns in Oklahoma, USA

Shokoya

Fontanier

Martin

et al. 2022

hortte

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Consumers desire low-input turfgrasses that have tolerance to both shade and drought stresses. Several sedges (Carex sp.) and nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi) are native plants prevalent in dry woodland ecosystems in Oklahoma, USA, and may have potential as alternatives to conventional species in dry shaded turfgrass systems. To evaluate selected species for this purpose, a multilocation field trial was conducted in Stillwater and Perkins, OK. Four sedges [gray sedge (Carex amphibola), Leavenworth’s sedge (Carex leavenworthii), ‘Little Midge’ palm sedge (Carex muskingumensis), and Texas sedge (Carex texensis)] and nimblewill were evaluated as alternative turfs for the study. Alternative turfs were compared against two conventional turfgrasses [‘El Toro’ Japanese lawngrass (Zoysia japonica) and ‘Riley’s Super Sport’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)]. The conventional turfgrasses outperformed each sedge and nimblewill in coverage and turf quality. Leavenworth’s sedge, gray sedge, and Texas sedge persisted well but did not spread quickly enough to achieve a dense canopy by the end of the 2-year trial. In contrast, nimblewill established quickly but declined in coverage over time. This study demonstrated some sedges and nimblewill can be established and maintained as a low-input turf in dry shade, but development of unique management practices is still required for acceptable performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Sedges and Nimblewill as Low-input, Shaded Lawns in Oklahoma, USA

Shokoya

Fontanier

Martin

et al. 2022

hortte

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“…Assuming similar ambient PAR levels to our study, the 88% shade treatment described by Qian et al (1998) would be estimated to have generated a DLI of ∼4 to 7 mol m −2 d −1 . To our knowledge, Russell et al (2020) has been the only previously published study reporting zoysiagrass DLI m , however, their study included cultivars Cavalier (DLI m = 15) and Meyer (DLI m = 21.1), neither of which were included in this study. There have been few studies examining TE effects on bermudagrass shade tolerance, but in general, these suggest TE effects are cultivar dependent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previously, fine‐textured Zoysia spp. (such as Zorro and Zeon) have been shown to offer better long‐term performance than medium‐coarse textured counterparts (such as JaMur and Palisades) under heavy shade (Patton et al., 2017; Peterson et al., 2014; Russell et al., 2020; Wherley et al., 2011). However, based on DLI m and summer percent green cover data, there were no consistent differences observed between the fine‐ and coarse‐textured Zoysia cultivars in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Daily light integral requirements for bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars: Effects of season and trinexapac‐ethyl

et al. 2021

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Shade is a major problem facing turf managers worldwide. Availability of low-cost devices and methods for quantifying daily light integral (DLI) offer the turf manager the ability to more precisely determine DLI levels in shade, yet minimal DLI requirements for acceptable turf quality (DLI m ) for many commonly used warm-season turf cultivars grown under longer-term chronic shade stress have not been extensively tested. The objectives of this 2-yr field shade study were to (a) determine effects of growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl (TE) and season (summer or fall) on DLI m of nine commercially available bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars; (b) determine effects of shade level and TE on summer percent green cover and root growth; and (c) determine effects of shade treatments on soil temperatures across the growing season. Significantly higher DLI m were noted during summer compared to fall for all cultivars in the study. The DLI m were generally higher for bermudagrass than zoysiagrass cultivars. 'Tifway' required the highest DLI m (ranging from 23.5 to 27.2 mol m −2 d −1 ) of the bermudagrasses. 'TifGrand', 'Celebration', and 'Latitude 36' showed comparable DLI m during summer and fall. Fewer consistent differences were detected between zoysiagrasses, with 'Zorro' and 'Zeon' showing the lowest summer DLI m (18.1 and 19.1 mol m −2 d −1 , respectively) and 'Geo' showing the lowest fall DLI m (11.7 mol m −2 d −1 ). Trinexapac-ethyl reduced DLI m only in Zorro, 'Palisades', and 'JaMur' zoysiagrass, but had no effect on bermudagrass DLI m . The DLI m for a number of cultivars were higher than those previously reported in the literature, which may be attributed to lower mowing heights and/or use of permanent shade structures that were not removed for the duration of the 27-mo study. The findings should benefit turf managers by guiding data-driven, seasonalbased, warm-season turfgrass cultivar selection for shaded environments.

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Shade, height of cut, and plant growth regulator effects on bermudagrass and zoysiagrass putting greens

Walton,

McCalla,

Karcher

et al. 2024

Crop Science

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Warm‐season turfgrasses, especially hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy), continue to be widely used on golf course putting greens in tropical and subtropical climates globally and are also gaining popularity in the transition zone region of the United States. Hybrid bermudagrass produces a high‐quality putting green surface; however, it has relatively poor shade and cold tolerance. Recently, fine‐textured zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars have been released and may be another potential option for golf course putting greens, especially since zoysiagrass is generally considered more shade tolerant than bermudagrass. “Lazer (DALZ 1308)” zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella (L.) Merrill × Zoysia minima (Colenso) Zotov) is a new, fine‐textured zoysiagrass that may have the potential to produce high‐quality putting green surfaces in transition zone environments. The objective of this 2‐year field trial was to compare Lazer zoysiagrass to TifEagle bermudagrass under varying light levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% shade) and management practices to determine the minimum daily light integral (DLI) requirements and surface playability characteristics (ball roll distance and surface firmness) for each species. Species plots were split with two mowing heights (2.5 and 3.2 mm) and further split with or without weekly applications of the plant growth regulator, trinexapac‐ethyl. Lazer demonstrated significantly greater shade tolerance than TifEagle. The minimum DLI requirement for Lazer was generally about 10 mol m−2 day−1 less than TifEagle. Surface firmness was also greater for Lazer zoysiagrass, while TifEagle consistently produced greater ball roll distances than Lazer. Results from this trial demonstrate that Lazer zoysiagrass can produce acceptable putting green conditions and is better adapted than TifEagle to moderate shade conditions.

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Daily light integral requirements of warm‐season turfgrasses for golf course fairways and investigating in situ evaluation methodology

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Evaluation of Sedges and Nimblewill as Low-input, Shaded Lawns in Oklahoma, USA

Evaluation of Sedges and Nimblewill as Low-input, Shaded Lawns in Oklahoma, USA

Daily light integral requirements for bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars: Effects of season and trinexapac‐ethyl

Shade, height of cut, and plant growth regulator effects on bermudagrass and zoysiagrass putting greens

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