Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. I. The data

Waltner-Toews, David; Martin, S W; Meek, A H; McMillan, I.

doi:10.1016/0167-5877(86)90017-6

Cited by 70 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…However, the authors could only find one study where the percentage of dairy herds with no recorded calf mortality was presented (50% of 104 herds of 23 to 154 cows, with an average calf mortality rate of 3.7%, had no recorded calf mortality; Waltner-Toews et al, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, perinatal calf mortality in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows

Mee

Berry

Cromie

2008

Animal

119

104

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Recent publications indicate that the prevalence of perinatal mortality has increased in some dairy industries and an increased proportion of this loss is not associated with the traditional risk factors for perinatal mortality. The objectives of this study were to establish the prevalence of perinatal mortality (calf death within 24 h of calving) in Irish dairy herds and to determine the current significance of putative risk factors in pasture-based management systems. A total of 182 026 records of full-term calvings from Holstein-Friesian dams served by artificial insemination (AI) sires of seven breeds in herds of 20 calvings or more per year were available from the Irish national breeding database over 4 years (2002 to 2005). The prevalence of perinatal mortality was 4.29% (7.7% in primiparae and 3.5% in pluriparae). The likelihood of perinatal mortality increased between 2002 and 2005 and was greatest in June and in winter. There was an interaction (P , 0.001) between the effect of calving assistance and parity with the effect of dystocia on perinatal mortality being greater in primiparae. The odds of perinatal mortality were greater in male (OR 5 1.12; P , 0.001) and in twin calves (OR 5 5.70-13.36; P , 0.001) and in dams that had perinatal mortality at the previous calving (OR 5 4.21; P , 0.001). The logit of the probability of perinatal mortality increased by 0.099 per unit increase in sire predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for direct perinatal mortality. The probability of perinatal mortality increased at an increasing rate in primiparae as animals calved at a younger age relative to the median age at first calving. The only herd-level factor examined, herd size did not affect the odds of perinatal mortality. These data indicate that the prevalence of perinatal mortality in this cattle population is similar to that in other pasture-based dairy systems worldwide. The putative exposures and attributes traditionally associated with perinatal mortality were associated with perinatal mortality in this pasture-based dairy cow population. The practical implication of these results is that as many of the significant risk factors are largely not under management control (year of calving, month of calving, twin calving, primiparity, previous perinatal mortality and foetal gender), herd owners must focus on the significant determinants under their control (age at first calving, sire genetic merit for direct perinatal mortality and both the extent of calving supervision and the degree of assistance), in order to reduce the prevalence of perinatal mortality and improve perinatal welfare.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, perinatal calf mortality in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows

Mee

Berry

Cromie

2008

Animal

119

104

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“…Important, but less common, are navel infections and neonatal septicemia that can result in infection of the joints, brain, kidney, or any other body organ system. The calves at greatest risk of developing diarrhea are less than 2 weeks of age, with peak onset typically occurring between 5 and 9 days of age (Waltner -Toews et al, 1986a ;WaltnerToews et al, 1986b ;Curtis, 1988 ;Sivula, 1996 ). The fi rst episode of respiratory disease in dairy calves occurs in calves less than 3 weeks of age (Sivula et al, 1996 ;Virtala et al, 1996 ).…”

Section: Dehorning Calvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Dairy Calves from Birth to Weaning

McGuirk

2011

Dairy Production Medicine

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Calves represent the future of the dairy and, as such, management during the critical stage from birth to weaning is critical to the development, health, productivity, and profi tability of the future replacement heifers. The perinatal period is one of the most vulnerable times in the life of the calf, and attention to the details of calving and calf viability immediately after birth can prevent the losses commonly encountered in the fi rst 48 h of life. New concepts in colostrum management not only reinforce the importance of colostral immune factors on calf health but also emphasize its longer term impact on intestinal, ruminal, and metabolic development as well as the impact on endocrine status, growth, productivity, and survival. Nutritional management concepts have changed and are now appropriately focused on targeted growth with components and delivery systems that promote welfare, performance, and future production. Whether young calves are housed in individual or group pens, important principles of housing management can be applied to insure the health and welfare of preweaned calves. Routine health maintenance practices, preventive health screening, and effective treatment protocols should be strategically integrated into the management of young calves to optimize health, minimize stress, cost, and the possibility of doing harm.

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“…Due to severe adverse reaction of CAP in humans, many countries including Canada banned the use of CAP in food producing animals (WaltnerDownloaded by [ Toews et al, 1986). The World Health Organization recommended (JECFA, 1969) that CAP should not be permitted in animals used for food.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate and residues of 14C-chloramphenicol in laying chickens

Akhtar

Abo‐EL‐Sooud²,

Shehata³

et al. 1996

J. of Env. Sc. & Hlth., Part B

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Studies were conducted to determine the metabolic fate of chloramphenicol (CAP) in White Leghorn using the 14C-labelled compound. In one experiment birds were administered orally via intra-crop, a single dose of 100 mg (equivalent to 66 mg kg-1 body weight) of CAP containing 14 microCi 14C-CAP, and its absorption, elimination and distribution in plasma were recorded. Orally dosed 14C-compound was rapidly absorbed, efficiently distributed in plasma and eliminated in excreta (> 70% in 5 hr). After 5 h, CAP equivalent residues in issues were lower than 15 micrograms g-1 for this treatment. In a second experiment birds were given intra-crop dose of either 0.5 or 5 mg of CAP (each dose contained 2.5 microCi 14C-CAP) daily for five consecutive days followed by a seven day withdrawal period and elimination of 14C in excreta and eggs was monitored. More than 95% of the administered 14C was eliminated within the first 24 h after dosing. Radiocarbon (14C) was deposited preferentially in yolks compared to albumen or other tissues. Residues declined when feeding was stopped. Various metabolites were isolated and identified by a combination of TLC, LC, and LC-MS. The main metabolic route of CAP in laying hens appears to be the glucuronidation. Cleavage of the dichloroacetate moiety was only a minor route.

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Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. I. The data

Cited by 70 publications

References 23 publications

Prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, perinatal calf mortality in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows

Prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, perinatal calf mortality in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows

Management of Dairy Calves from Birth to Weaning

Fate and residues of 14C-chloramphenicol in laying chickens

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