Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. III. Association of management with morbidity

Waltner-Toews, David; Martin, S W; Meek, A H

doi:10.1016/0167-5877(86)90019-x

Cited by 86 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, the incidence of diarrhoea during the milk-feeding period was lower in group-housed calves than in calves housed individually. These results correspond with others (Webster et al, 1985;Waltner-Toews et al, 1986;Maatje et al, 1993) in showing that group housing need not predispose preweaned calves more to diarrhoea if management is careful (Webster et al, 1985) and infection pressure is not high (Roy, 1980). However, calves housed in groups outside had lower growth rates after weaning and tended to have higher diarrhoea incidences before weaning than calves housed in groups inside.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Resting Behaviour, Growth and Diarrhoea Incidence Rate of Young Dairy Calves Housed Individually or in Groups in Warm or Cold Buildings

Hänninen¹,

Hepola

Rushen

et al. 2003

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science

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ernment, Finland). Resting behaviour, growth and diarrhoea incidence rate of young dairy calves housed individually or in groups in warm or cold buildings.The influence of housing and age on the resting, growth and diarrhoea incidence rate was studied by housing male dairy calves for 7 weeks individually (INDIV) or 12 weeks in groups of four; indoors (INGROUP) or outdoors either with (OUTWARM) or without a heated shelter (OUTCOLD). The preweaning (1-7 wk) diarrhoea incidence rates were lower for INGROUP than for INDIV or OUT-COLD. The postweaning growth (8 -12 wk) was higher for INGROUP than for OUTCOLD or OUTWARM. The OUTWARM and OUTCOLD calves rested less on their side than the INGROUP calves and more with the neck relaxed. Individual pens did not decrease REM-type sleep, but this decreased overall as the calves aged. In conclusion, the young dairy calves reduced their body area when they were exposed to low temperatures. No clear advantage was found in offering a heated shelter, but a cold environment could be a potential health hazard for calves.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Resting Behaviour, Growth and Diarrhoea Incidence Rate of Young Dairy Calves Housed Individually or in Groups in Warm or Cold Buildings

Hänninen¹,

Hepola

Rushen

et al. 2003

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A — Animal Science

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“…Pre-weaning calf diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease Many other studies have also shown that diseases such as PCD may predispose calves to BRD, which often occurs later in the pre-weaning period (Waltner-Toews et al, 1986;Van Donkersgoed et al, 1993). As this was a cross-sectional, herd-level study, the timing of individual treatment events was not collected.…”

Section: Colostrum Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calf management practices and associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality on beef cow-calf operations

Murray

Fick

Pajor

et al. 2016

Animal

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The objective of this study was to investigate calf management practices on beef cow-calf operations and determine associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality of pre-weaned calves. A 40-question survey about management practices, morbidity and mortality was administered to cow-calf producers by distributing paper surveys and by circulating an online link through various media. A total of 267 producers completed the survey. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression models. Average herd-level treatment risk for pre-weaning calf diarrhea (PCD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were 4.9% and 3.0%, respectively. Average herd-level mortality within the first 24 h of life (stillbirth), from 1 to 7 days and 7 days to weaning were 2.3%, 1.1%, and 1.4%, respectively. Operations that never intervened at parturition had 4.7% higher PCD than those that occasionally did. On operations using small elastrator bands for castration, PCD was 1.9% higher than those using other methods. For every increase of 100 cows in herd size, BRD decreased by 1.1%. The association between BRD and PCD varied by when calving season began. Operations that used off-farm, frozen colostrum had a 1.1% increase in stillbirths. Operations that verified a calf had suckled had 0.7% lower mortality from 1 to 7 days of age. Those that intervened when colostrum was abnormal or that used small elastrator bands for castration had 1.9% and 1.4% higher mortality during the 1 st week of life, respectively, compared with other operations. Mortality from 7 days to weaning was lower by 0.7% when calving season started in April compared with January or February and was higher by 1.0% for each additional week of calving season. Operations that intervened with colostrum consumption for assisted calvings had lower mortality from 7 days to weaning by 0.8% compared with those that did not. For every 1.0% increase in BRD, mortality from 7 days to weaning increased by 1.0%. Stillbirths and mortality from 7 days to weaning decreased non-linearly with herd size. Factors related to calving season, herd size, interventions at calving, colostrum management and castration impacted herd-level morbidity and mortality. However, effect size was generally small and causation cannot be determined with a cross-sectional study design. This study identifies several common health management practices associated with calfhood morbidity and mortality that should be further investigated to establish evidence-based management strategies to improve the health and survival of beef calves.

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“…The majority of deaths are attributable to infectious disease: diarrhoea, pneumonia, and septicaemia are the most common disorders. Mortality associated with these diseases appears to result from bacteraemia, viraemia and endotoxaemia (Waltner-Toews et al, 1986;Curtis et al, 1988;Lofstet et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Evaluation of Coagulation Profiles in Calves with Suspected Septic Shock

et al. 2006

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The purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate the haemostatic function in calves with suspected septic shock and to reflect the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Twenty-six calves suspected of having septic shock (experimental group) and 10 clinically healthy calves (control group) were used. On admission, the experimental group of calves had been ill for an average of 2 days. Therapy was applied to the experimental group of calves. The packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT) counts were determined. Blood smears for toxic neutrophil and schistocyte intensity were evaluated. For the coagulation profile, plasma activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen and fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDPs) values were determined. Toxic neutrophils in blood smears were observed in 12 calves of the experimental group. APTT was prolonged in the experimental group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Fibrinogen concentration was found to be higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p < 0.001). Total leukocyte counts were higher in the experimental group compared with the control group (p < 0.01). Platelet counts in the experimental group were lower than the control group (p < 0.001). However, when the individual values of coagulation profiles of each calf were evaluated, 8 calves had at least three abnormal coagulation profiles (APTT >72 s, PT >34.5 s, TT >33.7 s, FDPs >5 microg/ml, PLT < or = 150 x 10(3)/mm(3)) and abnormal erythrocyte morphology (schistocytes > or = 1). The most common abnormal tests in the coagulation profile were APTT and PT (7 cases), FDPs (6 cases), thrombocytopenia (4 cases), and schistocytes in blood smears (8 cases) in these 8 calves. The results of this study indicate that DIC might be a significant risk factor for mortality in calves with suspected septic shock.

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Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. III. Association of management with morbidity

Cited by 86 publications

References 29 publications

Resting Behaviour, Growth and Diarrhoea Incidence Rate of Young Dairy Calves Housed Individually or in Groups in Warm or Cold Buildings

Resting Behaviour, Growth and Diarrhoea Incidence Rate of Young Dairy Calves Housed Individually or in Groups in Warm or Cold Buildings

Calf management practices and associations with herd-level morbidity and mortality on beef cow-calf operations

The Evaluation of Coagulation Profiles in Calves with Suspected Septic Shock

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