Dairy intake in relation to breast and pubertal development in Chilean girls,

Abstract

Background: Frequent dairy consumption in childhood has been related to higher growth-hormone concentrations that may affect mammary gland and pubertal development. Objective: We evaluated the relation of dairy intake to breast composition at Tanner stage 4 and age at menarche. Design: A total of 515 Chilean girls are included in the Growth and Obesity Cohort Study. The subjects have been followed longitudinally since they were 3-4 y old (from 2006 to the present). Starting in 2013, diet was assessed every 6 mo via a 24-h recall. The breast fibroglandular volume (FGV) was measured with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at Tanner stage 4. The date of menarche was reported every 6 mo. Our analysis included 290 girls with data on prospective diet and breast composition and 324 girls with data on prospective diet and age at menarche. Results: The mean 6 SD breast FGV and percentage of fibroglandular volume (%FGV) (i.e., FGV divided by total breast volume times 100) at Tanner stage 4 was 81.7 6 32.2 cm 3 and 42.0% 6 16.7%, respectively. Only sweetened, artificially flavored milk-based drinks were associated with the %FGV with girls who consumed .125 g/d having a %FGV that was 4.5% (95% CI: 0.9%, 8.1%) higher than that of girls who consumed none (P-trend = 0.007). Yogurt intake was associated with a lower FGV. Specifically, girls who consumed .125 g yogurt/d had 210.2 cm 3 (95% CI: 220.2, 20.3 cm 3 ) less FGV than did girls who consumed no yogurt (P-trend = 0.03). The majority (90.7%) of girls in our cohort attained menarche before the data analyses with a mean 6 SD age at menarche of 11.9 6 0.7 y. In multivariable models, low-fat dairy, low-fat milk, and yogurt intakes were associated with a later age at menarche. In particular, girls who consumed .125 g yogurt/d had menarche, on average, 4.6 mo (95% CI: 1.9, 7.4 mo) later than girls who consumed no yogurt (P-trend = 0.01). Conclusion: More-frequent consumption of sweetened, artificiallyflavored milk-based drinks is associated with a higher %FGV, whereas higher yogurt intake is associated with a lower FGV and delayed age at menarche in Chilean girls.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:1166-75.

Children with Early Sexual Maturation Exhibit Changes in Dairy and Soybean Consumption: A 6-Year Nationwide Study

“…Children with ESM adhered to "dairy-soybean diet", derived from FA and RRR. This diet, which includes milk, yogurt, and dairy products has been associated with accelerated pubertal development in longitudinal studies [27][28][29]. Milk and dairy products contain measurable quantities of complex steroid hormones and growth factors, such as estrone and 17beta-estradiol [30], insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and IGF-binding protein 3 [31] that act on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to modulate reproductive function [4].…”

“…Despite the fact that steroid hormones and IGF-1 levels in cow milk are small relative to endogenous production rates in humans [30,31], their structures are identical [32]. This might affect breast development [33] and pubertal timing [27] in children with high consumption of milk and dairy products. Notably, on average, 35% of total calcium intake among girls 9-12 years is derived from dairy products [28].…”

Inverse association between estrogen receptor-α DNA methylation and breast composition in adolescent Chilean girls

“…Increased proportion of dense breast tissue (breast density, percent fibroglandular volume) in adults is one of the strongest and most consistent risk factors for breast cancer [ 33 – 35 ]. Peak breast density is postulated to be established during adolescence [ 36 , 37 ], at which time the susceptibility of the developing mammary tissue to carcinogens is strongly enhanced. Correspondingly, Boyd and colleagues have speculated that women at high risk of breast cancer could be identified at an early age based on a breast density measurement [ 37 ].…”

“…Assessment of breast density at B4 in GOCS has been previously described [ 36 ]. Briefly, breast development was assessed visually and by palpation by a single female trained dietitian (kappa with pediatric endocrinologist = 0.9) at clinical visits approximately every 6 months, beginning in 2009, using Tanner’s rating scale [ 50 , 51 ].…”

Screen time and eating during screen time: associations with dietary intake in children and adolescents

“…Both study cohorts were recruited from low-and middle-income neighborhoods in the southeastern area of Santiago, Chile. Recruitment strategies and inclusion and exclusion criteria of both cohorts have been described elsewhere [23][24][25]. Because of missing data on total weekly TV viewing time (n=34), dietary variables (n=46), and self-reported caloric intakes outside the plausible range (<400 kilocalories (kcal), n=2), the final analytic sample consisted of 1690 participants (preschool children, n=938; dolescents, n=752).…”