Dairy products consumption and metabolic syndrome in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Abstract

The association of dairy products consumption with risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been inconsistently reported in observational studies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational studies was conducted to quantitatively evaluate this association. Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases and by carefully checking the bibliographies of retrieved full reports and related reviews. Eligible studies were observational studies that investigated the association between dairy products consumption and risk of MetS in adults, with risk estimates available. Random-effects model was assigned to calculate the summary risk estimates. The final analysis included 15 cross-sectional studies, one case-control study and seven prospective cohort studies. Higher dairy consumption significantly reduced MetS by 17% in the cross-sectional/case-control studies (odds ratio = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73–0.94), and by 14% (relative risk [RR] = 0.86, 95% CI, 0.79–0.92) in cohort studies. The inverse dairy-MetS association was consistent in subgroup and sensitivity analyses. The dose-response analysis of the cohort studies conferred a significant 6% (RR = 0.94, 95% CI, 0.90–0.98) reduction in the risk of MetS for each increment in dairy consumption of one serving/d. No significant publication bias was observed. Our findings suggest an inverse dose-response relationship between dairy consumption and risk of MetS.

Systematic Review of the Association between Dairy Product Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular-Related Clinical Outcomes

“…Two meta-analyses (22, 23) recently examined the association between dairy consumption and the risk of MetS. Analyses were based on data from a total of 9 individual prospective cohort studies, of which 3 used National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III MetS criteria (35, 41, 42), 1 study used National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III criteria with modified waist circumference thresholds (38), 1 study used the insulin-resistance syndrome criteria (34), 1 study used the American Heart Association criteria (43), 2 studies used the International Diabetes Federation criteria (44, 45), and 1 study used both American Heart Association and International Diabetes Federation criteria (40).…”

“…Chen et al (22) reported an inverse association between total dairy consumption and the risk of MetS (RR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.92; Supplemental Table 12 ). There was no heterogeneity between studies, and no evidence of publication bias.…”

“…On the basis of pooled data from 3 prospective cohort studies, Chen et al (22) reported an inverse association between milk consumption and the risk of MetS (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.89; Supplemental Table 12). There was no heterogeneity between studies, and publication bias was not evaluated specifically in this meta-analysis.…”

“…The assessment of the association between milk consumption and MetS risk is based on data from 1 meta-analysis of only 4 prospective cohort studies (22), whereas data from additionally retrieved prospective cohort studies are mixed. In that context, we suggest that moderate-quality evidence supports a favorable association between milk consumption and the risk of MetS (Table 2).…”

Preparation, Bioavailability, and Mechanism of Emerging Activities of Ile‐Pro‐Pro and Val‐Pro‐Pro

“…MetS represents a cluster of at least three metabolic risk factors including central obesity, elevated blood pressure, dysglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high‐density lipoprotein (Vassallo, Driver, & Stone, ). MetS was found to increase risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Chen et al., ). Hypertension, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance are interrelated, contributing to MetS (Lteif, Han, & Mather, ).…”