Dairy Wastewater Treatment through Synergies of the Biological and Hybrid Membrane: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Wastewater treatment techniques have two categories: pre- and post-treatment. Physical, chemical, and biological pretreatment techniques are commonly employed to treat dairy wastewater. Secondly, dairy wastewater post-treatment techniques include physico-chemical and membrane treatment approaches. This review article aims to critically examine and describe pre- and post-treatment techniques for dairy wastewater treatment. The benefits, drawbacks, performance comparisons, and features of each pre - and posttreatment have been extensively investigated. This article uses a systematic literature review method to review and examine other research findings. The results indicate that despite extensive studies on pre- and post-treatment techniques, both have limitations. In this context, aerobic pre-treatment, for example, has high lactose levels, low water capacity, and efficiency concerns. Furthermore, anaerobic pretreatment has issues with lengthy starting times, a high fermentable lactose content, poor residual alkalinity, and fat consumption. In physico-chemical post-treatment, there are high amounts of sludge production and high quantities of chemicals required for pH corrections. Likewise, membrane post-treatment, for instance, has a short membrane lifespan, low selectivity and flux, linear up-scaling, and concentration polarization membrane fouling. Therefore, a synergy of physico-chemical and aerobic, for example, adsorption-aerobic, and synergy of pre-hydrolysis and anaerobic, such as enzymatic hydrolysis-anaerobic treatment, will help to overcome the drawbacks of both anaerobic and aerobic treatment techniques. In conclusion, the most promising techniques for dairy wastewater treatment are combinations of adsorption-aerobic and enzymatic hydrolysis-anaerobic with microfiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration.

Structural Analysis and Adsorption Studies of (PbO, MgO) Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Removal from Water

“…As the global demand for clean water intensifies, innovative and efficient wastewater treatment methods become essential [ 1 , 2 ]. Wastewater has been treated using a variety of methods to remove colors, including adsorption [ 3 , 4 ], advanced oxidation [ 5 ], biological treatment [ 6 ], nanofiltration [ 7 ], and electrocatalysis [ 8 ]. Among these methods, adsorption stands out as a versatile and effective approach for removing diverse pollutants from wastewater.…”