“…The calculation of piston temperature distribution was conducted theoretically by Woschni (1979) and numerically by Wu and Chiu (1986). For more information on diesel engine piston structural calculation, design, fatigue life, material, and durability analysis, the reader is referred to the following: Makartchouk (2002), Munro (1999), Spengler and Young (1986), Myers (1990), Keribar et al (1990), Afonso et al (1991), Myers and Chi (1991), Castleman (1993), Vertin et al (1993), Barnes and Lades (2002), Reichstein et al (2007) and Cha et al (2009).…”