“…With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (Guebli & Belkhir, 2021;Jiao et al, 2022;Tan et al, 2022), the Internet of Things (Chamra & Harmanani, 2020;Madhu et al, 2022), big data (Thirumalaisamy et al, 2022), cloud-fog computing (Thoumi & Haraty, 2022;Vijayakumar et al, 2022), smart communication (Almomani et al, 2022;Dwivedi, 2022;Ling & Hao, 2022;Samir et al, 2020), and other fields, intelligent mobile devices have become a necessity for people's public lives, and the demand for location-based services is showing explosive growth. Location-based social networks (LBSNs) have attracted a large number of users (Werneck et al, 2021).…”