Damage resistance and open-hole strength of thin veneer laminates: Adopting design and testing principles from fibre-reinforced polymers

Progressive Damage Simulation of Wood Veneer Laminates and Their Uncertainty Using Finite Element Analysis Informed by Genetic Algorithms

“…To further illustrate the optimisation process, Figure 5 compares the force vs. displacement data from experiments [6] to the best simulation results obtained from different generations during the execution of the GA optimisation. It can be seen that the simulation results successively approach the target curves from experiments, minimising the MSE until convergence is achieved in the 17th generation.…”

“…Sliced European beech (Fagus sylvatica) veneers (supplied by Metz & Co, Stuttgart, Germany) with a thickness of 0.6 mm and density of 720 kg/m 3 are stacked up in a quasiisotropic [90/45/0/ − 45] s layup resulting in a laminate thickness of approximately 3.8 mm due to compaction, see Figure 1a. Details about the manufacturing process can be found in [6]. In short, the beech veneers were adhesively bonded with PURBOND HB S309.…”

“…After stacking up the veneers, a uniform pressure of 1 MPa for 20 h was applied to the stack. Mechanical tensile tests of the quasi-isotropic laminates resulted in a measurement of the laminate modulus E of 5.5 GPa (7.3% cv) and a laminate strength X of 70.90 MPa (7.3% cv) [6].…”

“…The optimisation software LS-OPT [31] is employed to perform data-driven calibration of the CODAM2 material parameters. The direct coupling of LS-OPT to CODAM2 simulations enables the determination of the most suitable design variables (input parameters) by solving the optimisation problem described in Equation ( 6) in conjunction with experimentally measured load vs. displacement data obtained from CT tests [6]. To solve the optimisation problem, a genetic algorithm (GA) is selected, a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection [31].…”

“…It has been found that well-established mechanical tests developed for fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) can also be applied to thin wood veneer laminates [5], particularly when subjected to tensile loads [6]. The results of standard tensile, compact tension, and open-hole tension tests indicate that it is possible to characterise the elastic and strength properties, as well as the damage resistance, of these materials.…”