Damned on arrival: A preliminary study of the relationship between homicide, emergency medical care, and race

Hanke, Penelope J.; Gundlach, James H.

doi:10.1016/0047-2352(95)00022-i

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Finally, although we were able to control for the influence of several relevant variables, we could not account for everything as evidenced by the modest amount of variance explained by our regression models. For example, suspect death can be influenced by factors such as departmental policy on rendering lifesaving aid or the proximity of level‐one trauma centers (Giacopassi, Sparger, and Stein, ; Hanke and Gundlach, ; MacKenzie et al., ). Yet without national data on nonfatal police shootings, we cannot determine whether the observed race effects would be washed away by the inclusion of these other variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015

Nix

Campbell

Byers

et al. 2017

Criminology & Public Policy

320

303

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Research Summary We analyzed 990 police fatal shootings using data compiled by The Washington Post in 2015. After first providing a basic descriptive analysis of these shootings, we then examined the data for evidence of implicit bias by using multivariate regression models that predict two indicators of threat perception failure: (1) whether the civilian was not attacking the officer(s) or other civilians just before being fatally shot and (2) whether the civilian was unarmed when fatally shot. The results indicated civilians from “other” minority groups were significantly more likely than Whites to have not been attacking the officer(s) or other civilians and that Black civilians were more than twice as likely as White civilians to have been unarmed. Policy Implications We implore the U.S. government to move forward with its publication of a national police use‐of‐force database, including as much information about the officers involved as possible. We further suggest police departments use training programs and community activities to minimize implicit bias among their officers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015

Nix

Campbell

Byers

et al. 2017

Criminology & Public Policy

320

303

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“…27 However, black assault victims are less likely than their white peers to receive timely emergency transportation and subsequent high-quality medical care. 28 The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report Unequal Treatment also found that blacks receive poorer-quality emergency room care than whites. 29 It revealed systematic and pervasive racial differences in the quality of care provided across a broad range of medical conditions, including heart disease and cancer.…”

Section: Understanding Racial Differences In Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Sources Of Racial Disparities In Health

Williams¹,

2005

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Racial disparities in mortality over time reflect divergent pathways to the current large racial disparities in health. The residential concentration of African Americans is high and distinctive, and the related inequities in neighborhood environments, socioeconomic circumstances, and medical care are important factors in initiating and maintaining racial disparities in health. Efforts are needed to identify and maximize health-enhancing resources that may reduce some of the negative effects of psychosocial factors on health. Health and health disparities are embedded in larger historical, geographic, sociocultural, economic, and political contexts. Changes in a broad range of public policies are likely to be central to effectively addressing racial disparities. R ac i a l di s pa r i t i e s i n h e a lt h in the United States are substantial. The overall death rate for blacks today is comparable to the rate for whites thirty years ago, with about 100,000 blacks dying each year who would not die if the death rates were equivalent. 1 This paper outlines factors in the social environment that can initiate and sustain racial disparities in health. Race is a marker for differential exposure to multiple disease-producing social factors. Thus, racial disparities in health should be understood not only in terms of individual characteristics but also in light of patterned racial inequalities in exposure to societal risks and resources.We illustrate some of these social processes by examining racial differences in mortality from 1950 to 2000 for five causes of death that reveal divergent pathways to current health disparities. Three of these causes of death-homicide, heart disease, and cancer-show wide disparities between black and white populations; two of these causes-pneumonia and flu, and suicide-show virtually no disparities. Data are available for blacks and whites for the 1950-2002 time period only. We present both absolute (black-white differences) and relative (black-white ratios) indicators of disparity.

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“…One such factor is trauma care accessibility. Proximity to trauma centers varies systematically across communities [ 34 – 36 ], and prior research indicates that shooting victims face an elevated risk of dying from their wounds when they are shot farther away from trauma-certified hospitals [ 37 – 40 ]. Schwartz and Jahn’s analysis does not tell us the extent that police use of deadly force varies across MSAs; instead, it tells us the extent that the police-involved fatality rate varies across MSAs.…”

Section: Generalizing From a Nonrandom Sample Of Deadly Force Incidenmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the challenges associated with the study of police use of deadly force in the United States: A response to Schwartz & Jahn

Nix

2020

PLoS ONE

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In response to Gabriel Schwartz and Jaquelyn Jahn's descriptive study, "Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequalities, 2013-2017," I provide three reflections. First, the framing of this issue is vitally important. Second, police-involved fatalities represent a nonrandom sample of all incidents involving police use of deadly force (i.e., physical force that causes or is likely to cause death), and unfortunately, we lack comprehensive data on use of deadly force that does not result in fatalities. Finally, to make sense of who is killed by the police, researchers must also identify who was exposed to the risk of being killed by the police.

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Damned on arrival: A preliminary study of the relationship between homicide, emergency medical care, and race

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015

A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015

Social Sources Of Racial Disparities In Health

On the challenges associated with the study of police use of deadly force in the United States: A response to Schwartz & Jahn

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