Damp heat induced degradation mechanisms occurring in coloured oxide/metal/oxide films for thin-film solar cells

Theelen, Mirjam; Hagedoorn, C.; Götz‐Köhler, Maximilian; Weeber, Arthur; Neugebohrn, Nils

doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2021.138711

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…There is evidence that the long‐term durability in air, damp, and high‐temperature environments of ultrathin Ag conductive films plays a crucial role in optoelectronic devices. [ 26 ] Due to the low wettability of Ag films in the high‐temperature environment, the Ag atoms are vulnerable to oxidation and aggregation, which causes a sudden increase in film resistance and causes the film to become discontinuous. Here, the thermal durability of pure Ag thin films with a monolayer thickness of 12 nm and Ag‐AlN films on glass substrates at different annealing temperatures was investigated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Flexible Electroluminescent Devices Based on Super Durable AlN‐Dispersed Ag Ultrathin Films

Han

Xia

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Inter

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Meanwhile, flexible alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) devices widely used in dynamic graphic display, bionic electronic skin, visual health monitoring equipment, and large-area display textiles have attracted people's attention. [2][3][4] Among them, the high-performance flexible electrode is one of the critical components for developing a promising flexible ACEL device, which often affects the performance of the whole equipment in various working environments. Therefore, selecting stable and high-performance electrodes is crucial for preparing highperformance ACEL devices.The indium tin oxide (ITO) thin film is the most representative electrode in optoelectronic devices. [5] However, its application has many limitations in flexible devices, such as inferior conductivity on polymer substrates and low flexibility. Therefore, various flexible transparent electrode approaches have been tried to substitute ITO thin films in ACEL devices, including singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTS), silver nanowires (AgNWs), polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrenesulfonate, etc. [6][7][8][9] However, at the same time, it brings problems such as difficulty in preparing large areas and unstable conductivity. In the last decade, a transparent conductive thin film system based on ultrathin metals represented by Ag with oxide/Ag/oxide (OMO) structure, has been attracting attention because of its advantages such as good conductivity at ultra-thin thickness, low cost, and large scale preparation compared to other electrodes. [10] It has been reported for applications such as perovskite solar cells, liquid crystal devices, and Low-E energy saving. [11][12][13] However, to our knowledge, there are no reports of ultrathin metal films used as electrodes for ACEL devices.Two more aspects should be considered before the largescale applications of ultrathin metal films. [14,15] On the one hand, ultrathin metal such as Ag tends to follow islands rather than planar growth modes on high surface energy substrates, resulting in high threshold thicknesses of the Ag films. On the other hand, under elevated temperatures or high humidity, the Ag thin films could dewet from the substrate, resulting in optically lossy and electrical degradation. It was reported that doping metal or oxide in the intermetallic layer might make the OMO thin film more stable in harsh environments. Sugimoto et al. reduced the percolation threshold thickness to 5-6 nm by doping Al in the Ag layer and prepared the AZO/Ag(Al)/AZO thin films, which could withstand 600 °C without changing High performance and durable electrodes are prerequisites for the stable operation of various optoelectronic devices, such as alternating current electroluminescence (ACEL) applications. As for the flexible electrodes based on ultrathin metals, which have attracted much attention in recent years, stability problems as evidenced by optically lossy and electrical degradation of the silver (Ag) layer in the service environment are the key issues to be solved before its prac...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Flexible Electroluminescent Devices Based on Super Durable AlN‐Dispersed Ag Ultrathin Films

Han

Xia

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Inter

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“…Another important aspect for a commercial application is reliability. Theelen et al conducted damp‐heat tests of OMO electrodes on glass substrates and concluded that in the absence of humidity, which is the normal condition below an intact cover glass of a solar module, OMO layers were very stable 24 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible design of building integrated thin‐film photovoltaics

Neugebohrn¹,

Haas

Gerber

et al. 2022

Progress in Photovoltaics

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The high cost of building integrated photovoltaics is one of the main reasons preventing a more widespread application. We propose a panel-on-demand concept for flexible design of building integrated thin-film photovoltaics to address this issue.The concept is based on the use of semi-finished PV modules (standard mass products) with subsequent refinement into BIPV PV modules. In this study, we demonstrate the three processes necessary to realize this concept. First, a prototype tool to cut thin film photovoltaic elements on glass substrates based on laser perforation was developed.Damage to the processed samples did not exceed a distance of 50 μm from laser cuts.Second, oxide/metal/oxide-electrodes with integrated colour were applied on Cu (In, Ga)Se 2 cells and standard monolithic interconnection structuring was used to produce modules sized 30 Â 30 cm 2 in red, green and blue with strong colours. Third, A backend interconnection process was developed for amorphous silicon thin film cells, which allows for the structuring of modules from elements of custom shape. The panel-ondemand strategy may allow for a streamlined production of customized modules and a lower cost for aesthetically pleasing, fully building integrated solar modules.

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“…This approach was demonstrated recently in both the anode and cathode of light‐emitting diodes with improved performance. [ 125,126 ] Furthermore, with the engineering of the materials and thickness of each layer, multilayered metal film structures are shown to provide a range of benefits including transmittance gain (by suppressing metal reflection and producing selective transparency), [ 127,128 ] electrode anticorrosion property, [ 129,130 ] switching failure avoidance, [ 131 ] and mechanical durability against deformation, [ 132–134 ] among others. To obtain a continuous metal film with minimum thickness in the multilayered sandwich structure, improving the wetting of metal clusters on the supporting layer is also crucial.…”

Section: Metallic Nanomaterials For Flexible Transparent Electrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress on Emerging Transparent Metallic Electrodes for Flexible Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics

2021

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The rapid development of smart and wearable electronics calls for revolutionizing optoelectronics to become flexible, lightweight, and affordable. To meet these demands in photovoltaic devices, that is, solar cells, it is essential to develop mechanically flexible transparent electrodes over the conventional rigid ones while features such as low‐temperature procedures, stability, solution process, and/or low cost are highly desired and often required. Moreover, the optoelectronic properties of an electrode must not be compromised in an operational flexible cell. Despite the considerable challenges, various bendable transparent electrodes for solar cells have emerged in recent years. Particularly, transparent electrodes based on metallic materials are especially attractive as metal offers excellent conductivity and their formation processing is generally mature and commercially viable. This work aims to provide an overview of the recent development of metal‐based transparent electrodes for flexible organic and perovskite photovoltaics. After the introduction, metallic materials for the transparent electrodes including nanowires, meshes/grids, and films are discussed. The procedures and protocols for cell flexibility testing are summarized, before highlighting recent progress on fully functional, high‐efficiency flexible organic and perovskite solar cells using these transparent metallic electrodes. Finally, the challenges and outlook of the research field are discussed.

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Damp heat induced degradation mechanisms occurring in coloured oxide/metal/oxide films for thin-film solar cells

Cited by 10 publications

References 36 publications

Highly Flexible Electroluminescent Devices Based on Super Durable AlN‐Dispersed Ag Ultrathin Films

Highly Flexible Electroluminescent Devices Based on Super Durable AlN‐Dispersed Ag Ultrathin Films

Flexible design of building integrated thin‐film photovoltaics

Recent Progress on Emerging Transparent Metallic Electrodes for Flexible Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics

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