Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis

Schwartz, James; Cardin, Caroline W.; DeAngelis, Yvonne M.; Dawson, Thomas L.

doi:10.3109/9781841847641.029

Cited by 28 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The causative organism is believed to be Malassezia yeasts, a component of the normal flora to which some individuals apparently have an abnormal host response. [101] Seborrheic dermatitis has a prevalence as high as 31% in the elderly. [100] Female patients tend to have more severe symptoms than male patients.…”

Section: Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Implications of Aging Skin

Farage

Miller

Berardesca

et al. 2009

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology

251

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Aging skin undergoes progressive degenerative change. Structural and physiologic changes that occur as a natural consequence of intrinsic aging combined with the effects of a lifetime of ongoing cumulative extrinsic damage and environment insult (e.g. overexposure to solar radiation) can produce a marked susceptibility to dermatologic disorders in the elderly. As skin ages, the vasculature progressively atrophies. The supporting dermis also deteriorates, with collagen and elastin fibers becoming sparse and increasingly disordered. These changes leave the elderly increasingly susceptible to both vascular disorders such as stasis dermatitis and skin injuries such as pressure ulcers and skin tears, with a steadily decreasing ability to effect skin repair. A parallel erosion of normal immune function produces higher levels of autoimmune skin disorders such as bullous pemphigoid, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, paraneoplastic pemphigoid, and pemphigus vulgaris. Lichen sclerosus, an autoimmune disorder often occurring in the genital area in older women, is not common but is an important development because of the potential for substantial discomfort as well as serious complications. The prevalence of polypharmacy in this population increases the risk for autoimmune drug reactions, and diagnosis should be undertaken with an awareness that polypharmacy in this population creates a greatly increased susceptibility to drug eruptions that can mimic other cutaneous disorders. Immunologic senescence in the elderly also sets the stage for potential reactivation of the Varicella zoster virus, in which initial dermatologic involvement expands into the major sensory ganglia. Known as shingles, this disorder can be excruciatingly painful with the potential to cause blindness if the optic nerve becomes involved. Dermatoses such as xerosis, pruritus, and eczema are also widespread in the elderly, create substantial suffering in those afflicted, and often prove recalcitrant to treatment. Individual susceptibility to specific types of contact dermatitis changes over the lifetime, and seborrheic dermatitis is substantially more prevalent in the elderly. It is not uncommon for older patients to have multiple impairments, with the potential for cognitive dysfunction as well as impaired vision, hearing, or mobility. In addition, they may not have adequate housing or nutrition, or the financial resources necessary for adequate compliance. Physicians must take into consideration the patient's physical ability to comply with the recommended therapy as well as socioeconomic factors that may impact on compliance. Simple topical regimens are preferable wherever possible in order to maximize compliance and, therefore, efficacy. Extra effort may be necessary to ensure that instructions are accurately followed and that ongoing compliance with the regimen prescribed is actually achieved. Management of dermatologic disorders in the elderly is often less than optimal, due to the fact that the special needs and limitations of this population are no...

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Section: Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Implications of Aging Skin

Farage

Miller

Berardesca

et al. 2009

American Journal of Clinical Dermatology

251

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“…Zinc pyrithione, Zn(PT) 2 , is a widespread ingredient in a variety of commercial products for applications including antidandruff therapies , and as a base in antifouling paint formulations . This global usage is mainly attributed to its broad‐spectrum antibacterial and antifungal properties and its low cost .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Characterization of Zinc Pyrithione

Sandiford

Holmes

Mangion

et al. 2019

Photochem & Photobiology

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Zinc pyrithione is ubiquitous in commercial products particularly antidandruff shampoos. For the efficacy of zinc pyrithione therapeutic cleansers to be assessed accurately, the distribution of particles on the scalp needs to be visualized. Currently, no technique is available which provides the chemical specificity and sensitivity required. Here, we report application of fluorescence‐lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) for high‐contrast mapping of zinc pyrithione distribution on the scalp. Characterization of the zinc pyrithione emission by using both one‐photon excitation at five specific wavelengths and two‐photon excitation in the range of 740–820 nm revealed its FLIM fingerprint—a characteristic short average time‐weighted emission lifetime of ΤZnPT = 250 ps. Bandpass‐filtering FLIM signals at ΤZnPT enabled an efficient discrimination between the zinc pyrithione and major endogenous skin species in comparison with that of the conventional reflectance confocal microscopy. Our findings provide means for in vivo high‐sensitivity assaying and high‐contrast imaging of zinc pyrithione in biological systems.

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“…Fungi have an essential role in causing dandruff, a scalp disease affecting Ͼ40% of the world's adult population (36). Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is an antimicrobial compound that has been used since the 1960s in antidandruff shampoos (36) and in antifouling paints (37).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is an antimicrobial compound that has been used since the 1960s in antidandruff shampoos (36) and in antifouling paints (37). In dandruff subjects, ZPT treatment reduces the amount of fungus on the scalp and stops dandruff flaking (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc Pyrithione Inhibits Yeast Growth through Copper Influx and Inactivation of Iron-Sulfur Proteins

Reeder

Kaplan

et al. 2011

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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100

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Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is an antimicrobial material with widespread use in antidandruff shampoos and antifouling paints. Despite decades of commercial use, there is little understanding of its antimicrobial mechanism of action. We used a combination of genome-wide approaches (yeast deletion mutants and microarrays) and traditional methods (gene constructs and atomic emission) to characterize the activity of ZPT against a model yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ZPT acts through an increase in cellular copper levels that leads to loss of activity of iron-sulfur cluster-containing proteins. ZPT was also found to mediate growth inhibition through an increase in copper in the scalp fungus Malassezia globosa. A model is presented in which pyrithione acts as a copper ionophore, enabling copper to enter cells and distribute across intracellular membranes. This is the first report of a metalligand complex that inhibits fungal growth by increasing the cellular level of a different metal.Fungi have an essential role in causing dandruff, a scalp disease affecting Ͼ40% of the world's adult population (36). Zinc pyrithione (ZPT) is an antimicrobial compound that has been used since the 1960s in antidandruff shampoos (36) and in antifouling paints (37). In dandruff subjects, ZPT treatment reduces the amount of fungus on the scalp and stops dandruff flaking (6). Despite billions of human scalp treatments for over 4 decades, little is known of the mechanism by which ZPT inhibits fungal growth.Malassezia globosa and M. restricta are the two most common fungi on scalp (15). Despite a recent description of the genome sequences of these two species (42), study of Malassezia is challenging due to the absence of transformation methods and available mutants. Several attempts have been made to characterize the mode of action of ZPT against model fungi. ZPT has been reported to inhibit transport by membrane depolarization (5, 11). However, efficacy was reported only with doses of at least 100 M, whereas microbial growth inhibition is observed at much lower ZPT doses. Pyrithione is a well-known zinc ionophore that causes increased zinc levels within mammalian cells (1,18,27). High intracellular zinc levels can inhibit microbial growth, likely due to zinc binding to intracellular proteins and resulting in mismetallation (31). Yasokawa et al. (43) recently used transcriptional analysis of ZPT-treated Saccharomyces cerevisiae to suggest that ZPT causes iron starvation. They further showed that an iron salt lowered the antiyeast activity of ZPT, suggesting that iron starvation is a key component of ZPT's mechanism of action.In this communication, we confirm the observation by Yasokawa et al. (43) that ZPT increases transcription of the iron regulon: however, we ascribe that increase not to a transcriptional response to low iron concentrations but rather to a decrease in the activity of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-containing proteins. We show that ZPT-mediated growth inhibition is due to increased copper uptake and that copper inactivates key F...

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Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis

Abstract: PATHOLOGYThe superficial flaking and redness that are the outward symptoms of dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis are manifestations of an abnormal epidermal structure and function (11). Flakes are generally believed to occur in "patches" on the scalp

Cited by 28 publications

References 49 publications

Clinical Implications of Aging Skin

Clinical Implications of Aging Skin

Optical Characterization of Zinc Pyrithione

Zinc Pyrithione Inhibits Yeast Growth through Copper Influx and Inactivation of Iron-Sulfur Proteins

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