Das Schulkind mit ADHS

Abstract

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders at school age. The core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention emerge before the age of seven and are associated with severe impairment of the child's everyday functioning (family, school, leisure time). Seventy percent of the affected children show at least one comorbid psychiatric condition or learning disorder/academic impairment. ADHD is one of the most widely investigated disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry. A multitude of imaging (fMRI) and genetic studies comparing children with ADHD and typically developing children have provided clear evidence for the neurobiological foundation of ADHD. Nevertheless, environmental, familial and academic factors play an important role with regard to the persistence and severity of the disorder. Treatment should be preferentially multimodal, with interventions targeting the child, the parents, and, if possible, the teacher. Society with its specific requirements and constraints, and also school, are not well adjusted for children that are different, hyperactive and easily distracted. However, many of these children also have resources. When fascinated by a task, they may show persistence and commitment.

Raman Spectra of Blood Serum as Holistic Biomarker for Differential Auxiliary Diagnoses of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults

“…The present investigation extends our previous study on ADHD in children and adolescents [29] to adults, demonstrating that even in this latter case, where the disorder symptoms are more subtle [1][2][3], the used approach still works appropriately. Furthermore, in the quest to contribute to helping clinicians make a differential diagnosis between ADHD and bipolar disorder (in the manic phase, which shows many behavioral parallels with ADHD [17,18,20,21]), the model was built to be capable of differentiating not only ADHD patients from healthy individuals but also from those who are clinically diagnosed as bipolar (in the main episode).…”

“…Typical behaviors in ADHD adults encompass poor organizational skills, mood swings, irritability, quick temper, difficulty handling stress, frequent and loud talking, struggles with keeping quiet, impatience, ongoing misplacement of items, and a tendency to take risks in activities with little concern for one's personal safety or the safety of others (e.g., engaging in risky driving) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Adults with ADHD may exhibit comorbidity with other neurobehavioral conditions, including personality, obsessive-compulsive, and bipolar disorders [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]17,18].…”

“…However, this diagnostic procedure has been criticized for not allowing for sufficiently reliable and valid diagnoses [19]. This is particularly evident because ADHD shares clinical symptoms with various other disorders, most notably the manic episodes of bipolar disorder [17,18,20,21], which exhibit many behavioral parallels with ADHD, such as difficulties in focusing, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity [17,18,[20][21][22][23][24]. The substantial overlap in symptoms often leads to misdiagnoses, resulting in delays in appropriate treatment and unnecessary additional suffering for patients.…”

PLS-DA Model for the Evaluation of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents through Blood Serum FTIR Spectra

“…Current diagnosis of ADHD follows the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition; DSM-5) diagnosis criteria [ 4 ] and is based on the clinical evaluation of the patient, including interviews performed by clinicians with parents and teachers of the children, which makes it relatively subjective. The fact that ADHD shares common symptoms and frequent comorbidities with other neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder) [ 13 , 14 ] also contributes to making an accurate and timely diagnosis of the disorder a difficult task. However, early diagnosis facilitates the proper treatment of the symptoms and may considerably improve the life conditions of the young individuals suffering with ADHD.…”