Data capture from maps based on gray scale topographic analysis

Static topographic modeling for facial expression recognition and analysis

“…Saddle can be specified as ridge saddle or ravine saddle. So there are a total of 12 types of topographic labels [18,19]. In real face images the terrain surface of the face region is mainly composed of ridge, ravine, convex hill, concave hill, convex saddle hill and concave saddle hill.…”

“…For example, the ridge label is determined if the following condition is satisfied: i$I(x, y)i 6 T g , k 1 < ÀT k and jk 2 j < T k . The detailed labeling rules can be found in [19].…”

“…Motivated by the topographic analysis technique [18,19], in this paper, we propose a novel facial expression descriptor-Topographic Context (TC)-to represent and classify facial expressions. Topographic Context describes the distribution of topographic labels in a region of interest of a face.…”

Technical Map Interpretation: A Distributed Approach

“…However, some aspects of this pattern recognition problem are still the object of intensive research activities because of their specificity: multi-oriented and multi-scaled characters [20,23,42,43], connected characters [20,42,44], connected symbols [6], and geometric features identification [45]. This kind of problem is crucial, since characters and symbols carry very important information about the contents of a document: poor detection/recognition of such patterns leads to some very important problems in the interpretation process.…”

Boundary Extraction from Gray-Scale Document Images Based on Surface Data Structures

“…Lee et al [11] presented a method for character recognition and segmentation based on topographic features and projection profiles obtained from gray-scale intensity images. Trier et al [12] applied gray scale topographic analysis to data capture from maps.…”