“…Recently, with the developments of new techniques such as convolutional neural network [ 101 ] and transfer learning [ 63 ], deep learning gained significant advances in the computer vision tasks, e.g., ImageNet [ 77 ]. Therefore, most of the studies used different imaging data to diagnose PD, such as MRI ( n = 12) [ 41 , 47 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 66 , 72 , 78 , 82 , 86 , 90 , 95 ] and handwritten images ( n = 9) [ 3 , 19 , 25 , 30 , 69 , 75 , 101 , 102 ], as well as PET and CT imaging ( n = 6) [ 28 , 59 , 67 , 71 , 88 , 90 ] and DaTscan imaging ( n = 4) [ 54 , 76 , 99 , 103 ]. However, CNN and transfer learning techniques were not limited to imaging data; they also learn complex features from voices and signal data [ 29 ].…”