“…Although early applications of gating date from the 1960s (Wood, 1993), perimeter traffic flow control gained prominence some 50 years later after the proposition by Daganzo (2007) of this type of control based on the aggregated modeling of an urban network by a Macroscopic or Network Fundamental Diagram (MFD or NFD) boosted by the quasi-simultaneous verification of the diagram's existence with field data by Geroliminis and Daganzo (2008). Following this finding, there was a surge in NFD-based perimeter urban traffic flow control strategies for single regions (Haddad, 2017a;Keyvan-Ekbatani et al, 2012, 2015a, some considering expanding regions (Keyvan-Ekbatani et al, 2015b), or the presence of public transport (Ampountolas et al, 2017;Geroliminis et al, 2014), or the presence of freeways (Haddad et al, 2013), or the combination with other real-time urban traffic control strategies (Keyvan-Ekbatani et al, 2019), strategies for multiple regions (Aboudolas & Geroliminis, 2013;Geroliminis et al, 2013;Kouvelas et al, 2017), city-wide traffic control and the impacts of cordon queues (Ni & Cassidy, 2020), congestion pricing in a connected vehicle environment (Yang et al, 2019); and also model free perimeter control (Li & Hou, 2020;Ren et al, 2020). There are other streams of NFD applications which have been to a lesser extent in the spotlight, e.g., travel time reliability (Mahmassani et al, 2013), level of service and resilience of the network (Hoogendoorn et al, 2015), pedestrian dynamics (Hoogendoorn et al, 2017), traffic safety (Alsalhi et al, 2018), the effects of the public transport system on the NFD of corridors (Castrillon & Laval, 2018), and NFD for train traffic operations (Corman et al, 2019).…”