“…The existing methods for parameter extraction include forward methods and inverse methods. In forward methods, the scattering contribution of each SC is obtained by electromagnetic calculations, such as the method of using high-frequency methods [8] and another that utilizes equivalent currents computed by the full-wave method [9]. In inverse methods, the SC parameters are mainly extracted from the scattering fields of the target or the imaging results by parameter estimation, such as the CLEAN method [10], maximum likelihood estimation [11], support vector machine [12], genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) [13−15].…”