“…First, by positioning the GPR Tx and Rx antennas over the target, GPR A‐scans are generated using gprMax for a set period of time. The two‐way travel‐time (
) is measured using peak‐to‐peak method [
9]. The theoretical two‐way travel‐time, Δt, can be calculated using (4):
where c is the velocity of the EM wave in free space ( c = 0.3 m/ns), ε r is the relative permittivity of the background medium (for dry sand ε r = 3) and d is the depth of the cylinder.…”