Date of smolt migration depends on body‐size but not age in wild sea‐run brown trout

Bohlin, Torgny; Dellefors, Claes; Faremo, Ulo

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb00012.x

Cited by 72 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…We observed that larger individuals migrated sooner, which is a well-supported pattern in 309 the literature (Metcalfe et al 1990; Bohlin et al 1996). Because fish of larger size may have 310 higher growth rates and higher metabolic rates than their smaller counterparts (Økland et al 311 1993; Thorpe et al 1998), we would predict that larger individuals have higher levels of 312 oxidative stress.…”

Section: Discussion 282supporting

confidence: 71%

Oxidative stress and partial migration in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Birnie‐Gauvin¹,

Peiman

Larsen

et al. 2017

Can. J. Zool.

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During migration, animals are typically limited by their endogenous energetic resources that must be allocated to the physiological costs associated with locomotion, as well as avoiding and (or) compensating for oxidative stress. To date, there have been few attempts to understand the role of oxidative status in migration biology, particularly in fish. Semi-anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta L., 1758) exhibit partial migration, where some individuals smoltify and migrate to sea, and others become stream residents, providing us with an excellent model to investigate the link between oxidative stress and migration. Using the brown trout, we obtained blood samples from juveniles from a coastal stream in Denmark in the fall prior to peak seaward migration that occurs in the spring, and assayed for antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) and oxidative stress levels (ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione). We found that individuals that migrated had higher antioxidant capacity than residents and that future migration date was negatively correlated with both antioxidant capacity and body length in the fall. This study provides the first evidence that oxidative status is associated with migration strategy and timing, months in advance of the actual migration, and provides insight into the role of oxidative status in animal migration.

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Section: Discussion 282supporting

confidence: 71%

Oxidative stress and partial migration in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Birnie‐Gauvin¹,

Peiman

Larsen

et al. 2017

Can. J. Zool.

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“…We observed a greater length at tagging of age-1 and age-2 migrants compared with similarly aged nonmigrants, which supports the second hypothesis. This observation may also suggest a critical size threshold must be reached before migration (Bohlin et al 1996). However, most tagged individuals exceeded a critical size without migrating, and back-calculated length from otoliths was similar between migrants and nonmigrants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Spatio-temporal variability in movement, age, and growth of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in a river network based upon PIT tagging and otolith chemistry

Benjamin

Wetzel

Martens

et al. 2014

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Connectivity of river networks and the movements among habitats can be critical for the life history of many fish species, and understanding of the patterns of movement is central to managing populations, communities, and the landscapes they use. We combined passive integrated transponder tagging over 4 years and strontium isotopes in otoliths to demonstrate that 25% of the mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) sampled moved between the Methow and Columbia rivers, Washington, USA. Seasonal migrations downstream from the Methow River to the Columbia River to overwinter occurred in autumn and upstream movements in the spring. We observed migration was common during the first year of life, with migrants being larger than nonmigrants. However, growth between migrants and nonmigrants was similar. Water temperature was positively related to the proportion of migrants and negatively related to the timing of migration, but neither was related to discharge. The broad spatio-temporal movements we observed suggest mountain whitefish, and likely other nonanadromous fish, require distant habitats and also suggests that management and conservation strategies to keep connectivity of large river networks are imperative.Résumé : La connectivité des réseaux hydrographiques et les déplacements entre habitats peuvent revêtir une importance capitale pour le cycle biologique de nombreuses espèces de poissons, la compréhension des motifs de déplacement constituant donc un aspect central de la gestion des populations et des communautés, ainsi que des paysages utilisés par ces dernières. L'intégration de données de radio-étiquettes passives intégrées recueillies sur 4 ans et de données d'isotopes de strontium d'otolites permet de démontrer que 25 % des ménominis de montagnes (Prosopium williamsoni) échantillonnés se déplaçaient entre la rivière Methow et le fleuve Columbia (État de Washington, États-Unis). Des avalaisons saisonnières de la rivière Methow vers le fleuve Columbia pour y passer l'hiver se produisaient en automne, et des montaisons, au printemps. Nous avons observé que la migration était répandue durant la première année de vie, les individus migrateurs étant plus grands que les autres. Ces deux groupes présentaient toutefois des taux de croissance semblables. La température de l'eau était positivement corrélée à la proportion d'individus migrateurs et négativement corrélée au moment de la migration, aucune de ces variables n'étant toutefois corrélée au débit. Les grands déplacements spatiotemporels observés portent à croire que le ménomini de montagnes et, vraisemblablement, d'autres poissons non anadromes ont besoin d'habitats éloignés les uns des autres et qu'il est donc impératif d'adopter des stratégies de gestion et de conservation visant à préserver la connectivité des grands réseaux hydrographiques. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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“…At this point, the fry start to feed and establish territories (Elliott 1994; Héland 1999). In Norumsån, juveniles normally stay in the stream for one or two summers before migrating to the sea in the following spring, typically at a size of 70–160 mm (Bohlin et al 1993, 1996). However, depending on body condition in the previous year, up to half of the 1-year-old males, and a lower proportion of females, stay in the stream as resident adults (Dellefors and Faremo 1988; Bohlin et al 1994, Pettersson 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-dependent behavior and alternative behavioral strategies in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) fry

Näslund

Johnsson

2016

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Animals generally adjust their behavior in response to bodily state (e.g., size and energy reserves) to optimize energy intake in relation to mortality risk, weighing predation probability against the risk of starvation. Here, we investigated whether brown trout Salmo trutta adjust their behavior in relation to energetic status and body size during a major early-life selection bottleneck, when fast growth is important. Over two consecutive time periods (P1 and P2; 12 and 23 days, respectively), food availability was manipulated, using four different combinations of high (H) and low (L) rations (i.e., HH, HL, LH, and LL; first and second letter denoting ration during P1 and P2, respectively). Social effects were excluded through individual isolation. Following the treatment periods, fish in the HL treatment were on average 15–21 % more active than the other groups in a forced open-field test, but large within-treatment variation provided only weak statistical support for this effect. Furthermore, fish on L-ration during P2 tended to be more actively aggressive towards their mirror image than fish on H-ration. Body size was related to behavioral expression, with larger fish being more active and aggressive. Swimming activity and active aggression were positively correlated, forming a behavioral syndrome in the studied population. Based on these behavioral traits, we could also distinguish two behavioral clusters: one consisting of more active and aggressive individuals and the other consisting of less active and aggressive individuals. This indicates that brown trout fry adopt distinct behavioral strategies early in life.Significance statementThis paper provides information on the state-dependence of behavior in animals, in particular young brown trout. On the one hand, our data suggest a weak energetic state feedback where activity and aggression is increased as a response to short term food restriction. This suggests a limited scope for behavioral alterations in the face of starvation. On the other hand, body size is linked to higher activity and aggression, likely as a positive feedback between size and dominance.The experiment was carried out during the main population survival bottleneck, and the results indicate that growth is important during this stage, as 1) behavioral compensation to increase growth is limited, and 2) growth likely increases the competitive ability. However, our data also suggests that the population separates into two clusters, based on combined scores of activity and aggression (which are positively linked within individuals). Thus, apart from an active and aggressive strategy, there seems to be another more passive behavioral strategy.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2215-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Date of smolt migration depends on body‐size but not age in wild sea‐run brown trout

Cited by 72 publications

References 25 publications

Oxidative stress and partial migration in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Oxidative stress and partial migration in brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Spatio-temporal variability in movement, age, and growth of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in a river network based upon PIT tagging and otolith chemistry

State-dependent behavior and alternative behavioral strategies in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) fry

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