Greenfield's (2009) theory linking sociodemographic change to dynamic cultural values for family interdependence versus individual independence is applied to sexual and gender role socialization and development. The theory explains how cultural pathways for sexual and gender-role development transform in concert with sociodemographic changes: urbanization, formal schooling, capitalism, and communication technologies.As environments become more urban, commercial, and technological, with more opportunities for formal education, sexual development moves away from the ideals of procreation and family responsibility and toward the ideals of personal pleasure and personal responsibility. At the same time, gender-role development moves away from the ideals of complementary and ascribed gender roles and toward chosen and equal gender roles.We present psychological, anthropological, and sociological evidence for these trends in a variety of communities undergoing social and ecological change. [culture change, gender, sexuality, socialization, values, cultural psychology]Culture gives meaning and purpose to biological changes associated with reaching reproductive maturity. Indeed, many societies inscribe puberty with qualities that signify progress toward ideals of womanhood and manhood. Among the Zinacantec Maya in Chiapas, Mexico, for example, puberty traditionally marks a time when a girl is preparing to be a good wife, mother, and daughter-in-law through domestic apprenticeship. She becomes an adult woman when her family accepts the request of marriage from a suitor and his elders and then begins to bear children and make tortillas from the corn her husband cultivates (Fishburne 1962). By comparison, in the United States, puberty signals that a girl is a teenager, attending high school, hanging out with friends, and beginning to date. Among middle-class segments of U.S. society, she will be considered a fully adult woman when she can support herself financially (see Arnett 2010 for a discussion of self-sufficiency as a cultural belief underlying pathways to adulthood in the United States and the differences among youth of various social classes).Differing pathways to adulthood begin to give an impression of the interconnected nature of sexual development, gender-role development, cultural values, and the economic and social structures of a society (Schlegel 1989). Sexual maturation proceeds in concert with