Dating Archaeological Copper/Bronze Artifacts by Using the Voltammetry of Microparticles

Doménech‐Carbó, Antonio; Doménech‐Carbó, María Teresa; Capelo, Sofia; Pasíes, Trinidad; Martínez-Lázaro, Isabel

doi:10.1002/anie.201404522

Cited by 51 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Electrochemical methods were very popular for metal conservation for most of the XX century, but were progressively abandoned in the 1970s-1980s due to the changes in the conservation-restoration criteria [9]. However, developments in the application of electrochemical techniques in the last 20 years have made them popular again for metallic cultural heritage, as conservation treatment [10][11][12], for analytical purposes [13][14][15][16] or to evaluate the efficiency of other conservation-restoration treatments [9,[17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of cleaning methods for tarnished silver

Palomar

Barat

Garcia

et al. 2016

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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a b s t r a c tTarnishing is produced by reaction of silver with gaseous reduced sulphur compounds from atmospheric pollution. It induces the formation of Ag 2 S crystals which produce a dark appearance. To remove sulphur tarnishing, different mechanical, chemical and electrochemical methods have been traditionally used. To assess the effect of different cleaning treatments on tarnished silver, coupons of pure and sterling silver (92% Ag/8% Cu) were subjected to six cycles of induced tarnishing and cleaning. The cleaning methods evaluated were mechanical (soft abrasives and rubber point mounted on a rotary tool); chemical (chelating and acid solutions) and electrochemical (potentiostatic reductions). Surface morphology, composition, weight, color and luminosity were evaluated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and colorimetry. The cleaning impact on tarnished silver depended on the cleaning procedure and the composition of silver. Mechanical treatments restored the original visual appearance of silver although they produced a significant mass loss and a fast re-tarnishing. Chemical cleaning methods were fast; nevertheless the surface appeared completely attacked. Electrochemical cleaning did not yield good result for sterling silver, but was an effective cleaning method for pure silver coupons. Different cleaning methods have been used for many years to remove sulphur tarnishing from silver. However, scientific studies which assess the treatment's impact on silver and the re-tarnishing rate are very scarce. Costa [1] carried out a complete bibliographic study about the cleaning procedures and their applications, although the results of these different scientific works are difficult to compare since they have not been systematically evaluated in similar conditions and materials.The aim of this study is to quantitatively assess the efficiency, residues left on the metal and impact on the base metal of eleven mechanical, chemical and electrochemical cleaning methods to remove tarnishing on pure and sterling silver. To evaluate the effect in the long term, several cycles of tarnishing/cleaning are considered.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of cleaning methods for tarnished silver

Palomar

Barat

Garcia

et al. 2016

Journal of Cultural Heritage

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“…Although highly sensitive for inorganic pigments, this tech-nique, however, becomes less sensitive for organic pigments mainly composed of C, O, H and N and therefore, hardly detectable with conventional X-ray detection systems coupled to SEM. 11,31,[35][36][37] Although graphite pencil sampling [38][39][40][41] and in situ cells [42][43][44] provided opportunity for local analysis, including layer-by-layer sampling 45 and mapping, 46 there is a limitation in the spatial resolution acquired by means of such techniques. 11,12 This methodology, whose immediate antecedent is the analysis of solids in carbon paste electrodes, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] is based on the abrasive transference of several particles of the solid sample to the surface of an inert electrode in contact with a suitable electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and mapping of pigments in paintings using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)

Doménech‐Carbó

Silva

et al. 2015

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The use of the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technique for identifying and mapping of both organic and inorganic pigments in sub-microsamples from pictorial specimens is described. This methodology, inspired by the voltammetry of immobilized particles technique, permits the study of textural properties of paint layers and mapping the distribution of pigment grains upon application of different potentials to the substrate. A combination of the redox competition SECM strategy with voltammetry yields a local identification methodology for different organic and inorganic pigments in paint samples.

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“…From Ref. [54], with permission extent of the corrosion process from the record of characteristic electrochemical signatures of the compounds forming the primary and secondary patinas in lead [73,74] and copper/bronze [75] artifacts. The proposed electrochemical methodology exploits the capabilities of the voltammetry of microparticles for the analysis of solid materials [76,77].…”

Section: Other Chemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The tenorite/cuprite ratio increases with the corrosion time so that, in favorable cases, calibration data can be fitted to potential rate laws using the peak currents for the above signals. A relatively simple modeling [75] yields the following expression for the variation of the peak current ratio, i p (II)/i p (I) on time:…”

Section: Other Chemical Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dating: an analytical task

Doménech‐Carbó

2015

ChemTexts

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Dating of archeological and geological materials is an important task in the fields of history, anthropology, archeology, geology, paleontology, etc. which can be achieved from a variety of sources of information from historical and astronomical to biological. Within the wide variety of such scientific sources of information, physical and chemical methods of dating play an essential role and, to a great extent, they share the same general methodologies which are applied in analytical chemistry. The basis of the main physical and chemical methods of dating is discussed with particular attention to calibration and error estimation.

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Dating Archaeological Copper/Bronze Artifacts by Using the Voltammetry of Microparticles

Cited by 51 publications

References 30 publications

A comparative study of cleaning methods for tarnished silver

A comparative study of cleaning methods for tarnished silver

Screening and mapping of pigments in paintings using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)

Dating: an analytical task

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