Dating in the dark: how roots respond to fungal signals to establish arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Bonfante, Paola; Requena, Natalia

doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.03.014

Cited by 122 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Many insights into the early events of the interaction have been gained following the description of both plant and fungal responses to diffusible signaling molecules released by the reciprocal partner (Bonfante and Requena 2011). Root-exudated strigolactones are known to modify hyphal growth and metabolism (Akiyama et al 2005, Besserer et al 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The exudate from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus induces nitric oxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots

et al. 2011

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Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. While there is evidence for NO accumulation during legume nodulation, almost no information exists for arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). Here, we investigated the occurrence of NO in the early stages of Medicago truncatulaGigaspora margarita interaction, focusing on the plant response to fungal diffusible molecules. NO was visualized in root organ cultures and seedlings by confocal microscopy using the specific probe 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate. Five-minute treatment with the fungal exudate was sufficient to induce significant NO accumulation. The specificity of this response to AM fungi was confirmed by the lack of response in the AM nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana and by analyzing mutants impaired in mycorrhizal capacities. NO buildup resulted to be partially dependent on DMI1, DMI2, and DMI3 functions within the so-called common symbiotic signaling pathway which is shared between AM and nodulation. Significantly, NO accumulation was not induced by the application of purified Nod factor, while lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli, known to elicit defense-related NO production in plants, induced a significantly different response pattern. A slight upregulation of a nitrate reductase (NR) gene and the reduction of NO accumulation when the enzyme is inhibited by tungstate suggest NR as a possible source of NO. Genetic and cellular evidence, therefore, suggests that NO accumulation is a novel component in the signaling pathway that leads to AM symbiosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The exudate from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus induces nitric oxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots

et al. 2011

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“…On a micro scale, root system architecture includes root hairs that increase the surface area (Gilroy and Jones, 2000;Tominaga-Wada et al, 2011). In addition, adaptive root structures, such as cluster roots (Neumann and Martinoia, 2002;Lambers et al, 2006), nitrogen-fixing nodules (Crespi and Frugier, 2008;Oldroyd and Downie, 2008), and mycorrhizae (Bonfante and Requena, 2011;Smith and Smith, 2011), can improve water and nutrient uptake by the plant root system. Here, we will focus on lateral roots.…”

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confidence: 99%

Analyzing Lateral Root Development: How to Move Forward

et al. 2012

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Roots are important to plants for a wide variety of processes, including nutrient and water uptake, anchoring and mechanical support, storage functions, and as the major interface between the plant and various biotic and abiotic factors in the soil environment. Therefore, understanding the development and architecture of roots holds potential for the manipulation of root traits to improve the productivity and sustainability of agricultural systems and to better understand and manage natural ecosystems. While lateral root development is a traceable process along the primary root and different stages can be found along this longitudinal axis of time and development, root system architecture is complex and difficult to quantify. Here, we comment on assays to describe lateral root phenotypes and propose ways to move forward regarding the description of root system architecture, also considering crops and the environment.Root system architecture is a key determinant of nutrient and water use efficiency and describes, on a macro scale, the organization of the primary root and root-and stemderived branches where they are present in monocots and dicots (Hochholdinger et al., 2004;De Smet et al., 2006;Hochholdinger and Zimmermann, 2008;Pé ret et al., 2009;Coudert et al., 2010

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“…Our results suggest that mycobiont-related NO helps stabilize phycobiont photosystem II. Since NO inhibition induces alterations in isolated phycobionts but not in whole lichens, a role in the establishment of lichen symbiosis is suggested, as hypothesized by Feelisch and Martin (1995) and confirmed for mycorhizal and rhizobium models (Bonfante and Requena, 2011;Meilhoc et al, 2011;Hérouart et al, 2002). We have also reported that the inhibition of NO in the lichen Ramalina farinacea during CP treatment increases intracellular mycobiont-associated ROS release but helps restore lipid peroxidation to physiological values (Catalá et al, 2010a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…LSD test (p < 0.05), n ¼ 3. reported an effective communication between mycobionts and photobionts, in which one partner up-regulates the antioxidant system of the other. As a matter of fact, an important role for NO in both in mycorhizic and legume-Rhizobium symbiosis has been proposed (Bonfante and Requena, 2011;Meilhoc et al, 2011;Hérouart et al, 2002). Although NO is short lived, it can easily traverse cell membranes and act in a point relatively distant to its origin, whether directly or activating signal transduction cascades (Courtois et al, 2008;Wilson et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The organic air pollutant cumene hydroperoxide interferes with NO antioxidant role in rehydrating lichen

Catalá

Gasulla

García‐Breijo

et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

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t r a c tOrganic pollutants effects on lichens have not been addressed. Rehydration is critical for lichens, a burst of free radicals involving NO occurs. Repeated dehydrations with organic pollutants could increase oxidative damage. Our aim is to learn the effects of cumene hydroperoxide (CP) during lichen rehydration using Ramalina farinacea (L.) Ach., its photobiont Trebouxia spp. and Asterochloris erici. Confocal imaging shows intracellular ROS and NO production within myco and phycobionts, being the chloroplast the main source of free radicals. CP increases ROS, NO and lipid peroxidation and reduces chlorophyll autofluorescence, although photosynthesis remains unaffected. Concomitant NO inhibition provokes a generalized increase of ROS and a decrease in photosynthesis. Our results suggest that CP induces a compensatory hormetic response in Ramalina farinacea that could reduce the lichen's antioxidant resources after repeated desiccation-rehydration cycles. NO is important in the protection from CP.

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Dating in the dark: how roots respond to fungal signals to establish arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

Cited by 122 publications

References 43 publications

The exudate from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus induces nitric oxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots

The exudate from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus induces nitric oxide accumulation in Medicago truncatula roots

Analyzing Lateral Root Development: How to Move Forward

The organic air pollutant cumene hydroperoxide interferes with NO antioxidant role in rehydrating lichen

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