Dating Iron Age goldwork: First direct AMS &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C results from Northwestern Iberia

Armada, Xosé-Lois; García-Vuelta, Óscar

doi:10.3989/tp.2015.12160

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Between the fifth and fourth centuries bce , it can be observed that iron metallurgy became widespread in the northwest (González-Ruibal 2006–7, 490–91), albeit late in relation to other Atlantic territories (Hingley 1997, 14). Within the same period, there was also an exponential increase in gold production (Armada Pita & García-Vuelta 2015). Nevertheless, a significant reduction in bronze production is not documented.…”

Section: Fourth–first Centuries Bce: the Spread Of Iron And The Estab...mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In this area, the outstanding role of the exchange and production of metal throughout prehistory has been stressed in several studies (Armada Pita et al 2008; Comendador Rey 1999; Sánchez-Palencia et al 1999). Nonetheless, despite remarkable archaeometallurgical studies (such as Armada Pita & García-Vuelta 2015; Fanjul Peraza & Marín Suárez 2006), hardly anything has been written about the influence of changes in the metallurgical scale on social organization (exceptionally Nión-Álvarez & González García forthcoming; see also González-Ruibal 2006–7, 490–96) or to assess the role of the blacksmith in these transformations over time. Therefore, this region presents an undeniable potential for exploring the links between metallurgy and society.…”

Section: Introduction: a Different Approach To Metalworkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Metalworker as Social Agent: Alongue duréeApproach from Northwestern Iberia Atlantic Façade (Ninth–First Centuriesbce)

Nión-Álvarez¹

2022

CAJ

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the role of the metalworker in the northwest Iberian Iron Age. By adopting a holistic and diachronic perspective, a broad review of the influence of metalworking and its agents on the social structuring of the communities of the Atlantic seaboard is presented. With the aim of exploring the implications of metallurgy and the blacksmith's activity, a new perspective of metalworking is suggested. Thus, an exploration of perspectives beyond the technical aspects will be addressed, considering the ‘technological dimension’ as part of all the elements that define this activity. The objective of the work is to present a narrative that allows analysis of the role of the metalworker throughout different historical periods, focusing on the social, technical and symbolic dynamics that have shaped its development.

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Section: Fourth–first Centuries Bce: the Spread Of Iron And The Estab...mentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introduction: a Different Approach To Metalworkingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Metalworker as Social Agent: Alongue duréeApproach from Northwestern Iberia Atlantic Façade (Ninth–First Centuriesbce)

Nión-Álvarez¹

2022

CAJ

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“…In fact, several pure-silver ingots were identified in Iron Age hillforts nearby the Outeiro de Baltar. These include seventeen plano-convex ingots from the Calvos de Randín hoard (Outeiro da Cerca hillfort) and one from the Saceda hillfort [31], given that one of the silver ingots from the Calvos de Randín hoard was radiocarbon dated through a charcoal sample to 213-88 cal BCE [32]. Given the present work, it can be interesting to note that Calvos de Randín is one of the places with alluvial cassiterite where there were concessions during the 20th century in southern Ourense.…”

Section: Metal Artefacts and Lithic Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tin and Bronze Production at the Outeiro de Baltar Hillfort (NW Iberia)

et al. 2022

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Findings of Iron Age metallurgical activities related to tin metal and mining are very rare. In the present work, we present a detailed study of the Outeiro de Baltar hillfort, dated to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period, located in a place where 20th century tin mining work took place. Elemental and microstructural analysis by portable, micro and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF, micro-XRF and WDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectrometer (SEM-EDS) showed that metallurgical debris found at the archaeological site is related to tin smelting and binary and ternary bronze productions. Analysis of the artefacts of diverse typologies found at the site showed that a variety of metals and alloys were in circulation and use. Samples of tin ores (cassiterite) from the region were analyzed for comparison with an archaeological tin slag from the site. The analytical results point to the production of tin metal using local cassiterite and the production of bronze by directly adding cassiterite into a smelting process. Furthermore, data of remote sensing (airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and historical aerial imagery) and Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping were combined with archival mining documentation and maps to retrieve a landscape context for the site. The study showed that the place of the Outeiro de Baltar hillfort (NW Iberia) was mined periodically over time.

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“…One key argument is that all well dated pieces point towards the end of the Iron Age (Armada and García-Vuelta, 2015). They are therefore always related to this final moment of the Iron Age under Roman pressure, and never to the supposed turning point around the 5th century BC.…”

Section: The Iron Age In the Northwestern Iberian Peninsula: An Egalimentioning

confidence: 99%

Egalitarianism and resistance: A theoretical proposal for Iron Age Northwestern Iberian archaeology

Currás¹,

Sastre

2019

Anthropological Theory

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We propose a theory of “egalitarianism” as an active historical factor in contexts which have been traditionally considered structurally hostile to it, such as complex agrarian societies. First, we review thoroughly the main anthropological and sociological contributions to resistance against hierarchization in agrarian social contexts (taking into account peasant studies and a segmentary lineage’s tradition). Specific emphasis is placed on the forms of organizing production. Then we go through the archaeological landscape of the Iberian Northwestern Iron Age in order to evidence the viability of “assertive egalitarianism” where control of resources was distributed among social segments (households and settlements). We will show a historical process that diverges from what occurs at that time in hierarchical regions. By combining two levels of archaeological analysis (regional and local) we will conclude that a large part of the Iberian Northwest was occupied, from the 8th up to 2nd centuries BC by egalitarian social formations – with social exploitation absent – whose anti-hierarchization structures only crumbled upon the presence of Rome from the 2nd century BC onwards.

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Dating Iron Age goldwork: First direct AMS <sup>14</sup>C results from Northwestern Iberia

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

The Metalworker as Social Agent: Alongue duréeApproach from Northwestern Iberia Atlantic Façade (Ninth–First Centuriesbce)

The Metalworker as Social Agent: Alongue duréeApproach from Northwestern Iberia Atlantic Façade (Ninth–First Centuriesbce)

Tin and Bronze Production at the Outeiro de Baltar Hillfort (NW Iberia)

Egalitarianism and resistance: A theoretical proposal for Iron Age Northwestern Iberian archaeology

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