Dawn of antioxidants and immune modulators to stop HIV-progression and boost the immune system in HIV/AIDS patients: An updated comprehensive and critical review

Singh, Gurinder; Pai, Roopa S

doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.007

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Vitamin A is not an antioxidant, but it provides benefit related to possible boosting of immune reactions ( 53 ). Vitamin A deficiency impairs mucosal barriers and diminishes the function of neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells ( 53 , 54 ). The considerable immune benefits, which would contribute to reducing the risk of contracting various pathogen-mediated diseases, warrant a recommendation to ensure adequate vitamin A intake and status in all astronauts on exploration missions, and to supplement individuals having poor vitamin A status.…”

Section: Nutritional Supplementation/nutraceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune System Dysregulation During Spaceflight: Potential Countermeasures for Deep Space Exploration Missions

et al. 2018

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Recent studies have established that dysregulation of the human immune system and the reactivation of latent herpesviruses persists for the duration of a 6-month orbital spaceflight. It appears certain aspects of adaptive immunity are dysregulated during flight, yet some aspects of innate immunity are heightened. Interaction between adaptive and innate immunity also seems to be altered. Some crews experience persistent hypersensitivity reactions during flight. This phenomenon may, in synergy with extended duration and galactic radiation exposure, increase specific crew clinical risks during deep space exploration missions. The clinical challenge is based upon both the frequency of these phenomena in multiple crewmembers during low earth orbit missions and the inability to predict which specific individual crewmembers will experience these changes. Thus, a general countermeasure approach that offers the broadest possible coverage is needed. The vehicles, architecture, and mission profiles to enable such voyages are now under development. These include deployment and use of a cis-Lunar station (mid 2020s) with possible Moon surface operations, to be followed by multiple Mars flyby missions, and eventual human Mars surface exploration. Current ISS studies will continue to characterize physiological dysregulation associated with prolonged orbital spaceflight. However, sufficient information exists to begin consideration of both the need for, and nature of, specific immune countermeasures to ensure astronaut health. This article will review relevant in-place operational countermeasures onboard ISS and discuss a myriad of potential immune countermeasures for exploration missions. Discussion points include nutritional supplementation and functional foods, exercise and immunity, pharmacological options, the relationship between bone and immune countermeasures, and vaccination to mitigate herpes (and possibly other) virus risks. As the immune system has sentinel connectivity within every other physiological system, translational effects must be considered for all potential immune countermeasures. Finally, we shall discuss immune countermeasures in the context of their individualized implementation or precision medicine, based on crewmember specific immunological biases.

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Section: Nutritional Supplementation/nutraceuticalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune System Dysregulation During Spaceflight: Potential Countermeasures for Deep Space Exploration Missions

et al. 2018

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“…However, flavonoids such as silibinin have been shown to possess anti-HIV-1 and HCV effects in T-cells by blocking viral replication, cell activation and proliferation (McClure et al, 2012 ). Orally administered anti-oxidants, such as flavonoids, have the capacity to inhibit microglial migration, ROS and IL-1β production, AA- and COX-2-mediated inflammation and toxicity (Nanda et al, 2007 ; Chuang et al, 2014 ; Singh and Pai, 2015 ). Assessment of ROS/RNS-mediated post-translational modifications of brain proteins in the CSF and brain tissues may reveal biomarkers associated with HIV-1-neurodegeneration (Uzasci et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Therapeutics To Target Astrogliamentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocytes at neuroinflammatory Crossroads

Borgmann

Ghorpade

2015

Front. Microbiol.

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As a popular psychostimulant, methamphetamine (METH) use leads to long-lasting, strong euphoric effects. While METH abuse is common in the general population, between 10 and 15% of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) patients report having abused METH. METH exacerbates the severity and onset of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through direct and indirect mechanisms. Repetitive METH use impedes adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens, increasing the likelihood of HIV-1 disease progression toward AIDS. METH exposure also directly affects both innate and adaptive immunity, altering lymphocyte numbers and activity, cytokine signaling, phagocytic function and infiltration through the blood brain barrier. Further, METH triggers the dopamine reward pathway and leads to impaired neuronal activity and direct toxicity. Concurrently, METH and HIV-1 alter the neuroimmune balance and induce neuroinflammation, which modulates a wide range of brain functions including neuronal signaling and activity, glial activation, viral infection, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Pathologically, reactive gliosis is a hallmark of both HIV-1- and METH-associated neuroinflammation. Significant commonality exists in the neurotoxic mechanisms for both METH and HAND; however, the pathways dysregulated in astroglia during METH exposure are less clear. Thus, this review highlights alterations in astrocyte intracellular signaling pathways, gene expression and function during METH and HIV-1 comorbidity, with special emphasis on HAND-associated neuroinflammation. Importantly, this review carefully evaluates interventions targeting astrocytes in HAND and METH as potential novel therapeutic approaches. This comprehensive overview indicates, without a doubt, that during HIV-1 infection and METH abuse, a complex dialog between all neural cells is orchestrated through astrocyte regulated neuroinflammation.

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“…In a wide range of disease states characterized by increased oxidative stress, antioxidants have been demonstrated to boost immune function as reported in human intervention studies [ 35 ]. Furthermore, immune modulators, which are potential candidates in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS, are thoroughly reviewed and reported elsewhere [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liposomes as Carriers for the Delivery of Efavirenz in Combination with Glutathione—An Approach to Combat Opportunistic Infections

et al. 2022

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals display an enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This reduction of antioxidant capacity in host tissues has been related to the decrease in total levels of ROS scavengers such as glutathione (GSH). Prevention of opportunistic infections due to a weakened immune system is becoming a key strategy along with HIV elimination. Research in these directions is clearly warranted, especially a combination of antiretrovirals and antioxidants to ameliorate oxidative stress, improve intracellular uptake and target viral reservoirs. Hence, we aimed to formulate liposomes loaded with the antiretroviral drug efavirenz (EFA) in the presence of glutathione, as these carriers can be engineered to enhance the ability to reach the target reservoirs. The goal of the present work was to investigate the intracellular uptake of EFA-loaded liposome (with and without GSH) by human monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1 cells) and examine cell viability and ROS scavenging activity. Results obtained provided significant data as follows: (i) treatment with EFA and GSH combination could enhance the uptake and reduce cytotoxicity; (ii) encapsulation of EFA into liposomes increased its levels in the macrophages, which was further enhanced in the presence of GSH; (iii) delivery of EFA in the presence of GSH quenched the intracellular ROS, which was significantly higher when delivered via liposomes. Data revealed that a combination of EFA and GSH encompasses advantages; hence, GSH supplementation could be a safe and cost-effective treatment to slow the development of HIV infection and produce an immune-enhancing effect.

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Dawn of antioxidants and immune modulators to stop HIV-progression and boost the immune system in HIV/AIDS patients: An updated comprehensive and critical review

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Immune System Dysregulation During Spaceflight: Potential Countermeasures for Deep Space Exploration Missions

Immune System Dysregulation During Spaceflight: Potential Countermeasures for Deep Space Exploration Missions

HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocytes at neuroinflammatory Crossroads

Liposomes as Carriers for the Delivery of Efavirenz in Combination with Glutathione—An Approach to Combat Opportunistic Infections

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